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Psychology A Level > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the four key symptoms of schizophrenia

A

thought insertion, hallucinations, delusions, disorganised thinking

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2
Q

thought insertion

A

believing one’s thoughts have been implanted by an external source

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3
Q

hallucinations

A

perceptual experiences which do not correspond with reality

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4
Q

delusions

A

fixed beliefs that are resistant to change and implausible to people of the same cultural background

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5
Q

disordered thinking

A

jumbled and unrelated thoughts leading to incoherent speech

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6
Q

lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia

A

0.3-0.7%

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7
Q

how does lifetime prevalence vary

A

varies with ethnicity, nationality and geographic origin in immigrants

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8
Q

the onset of schizophrenia, males vs. females

A

earlier in males (early to mid-20s)

females (late-20s)

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9
Q

features of schizophrenia

A

minority may recover completely
but most experience chronic, episodic impairment and some show progressive deterioration, with increasingly brief periods of remission and severe cognitive deficits.
positive symptoms reduce over time but delibating negative symptoms often remain

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10
Q

strength of schizophrenia diagnosis

A

high degree of consistency with DSM-5 and ICD-10

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11
Q

hyperdopaminergia

A

excess dopamine
chlorpromazine and reserpine, helpful in alleviating the symptoms of schizophrenia
schizophrenic symptoms may be linked to high levels of dopamine
positive symptoms of dopamine

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12
Q

hypodopaminergia

A

dopamine deficiency

negative symptoms of schizophrenia derived from lack of dopaminergic activity

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13
Q

positive schizophrenic symptoms

A

delusions and hallucinations

from hyperdopaminergia

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14
Q

negative schizophrenic symptoms

A

flat effect and mutism

from hypodopamingeria

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15
Q

strength of neurotransmitters as an explanation

A

supported by research on rats treated with amphetamines.

rats given nine amphetamine injections. showed schizophrenia-like symptoms

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16
Q

weakness of neurotransmitters as an explanation

A

cannot explain social causations like second-generation immigrants

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17
Q

how is schizophrenia a heritable condition

A

estimate for the heritability of schizophrenia 79%

identify responsible. genes that are present in family members who have schizophrenia

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18
Q

gene mutations

A

schizophrenia can appear in the absence of a family history.
DNA code in genes may mutate
which will lead to schizophrenia

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19
Q

what are the two candidate genes that are linked to the presence of schizophrenia

A

COMT gene and DISC1 gene

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20
Q

COMT gene

A

provides instructions for the creation of catechol-O-menthyltransferase

21
Q

DISC1 gene

A

those with an abormality to that gene are more likely to develop schizophrenia

22
Q

Diathesis-stress model

A

one may posess schiophrenic genes but it will only be triggered by other biological or environmental effects

23
Q

strength of genes as an explanation

A

research support – schizophrenia runs in family. clear similarity in MZ twins than DZ twins

24
Q

weakness of genes as an explanation

A

social causation

those exposed to city life are more likely to get schizophrenia

25
Q

factors for social causation

A

social adversity, urbanicity, social isolation and immigration/ minority status

26
Q

social adversity

A

basic human needs: physical and emotional

and people from lower socioeconomic groups may be more vulnerable, further exacerbating their problems

27
Q

urbanicity

A

urban living and schizophrenia… city life is more stressful than rural life
many stressors linked to city life

28
Q

social isolation

A

people with schizophrenia withdraw from contact with people because they find it stressful

29
Q

immigration and minority status

A

those in minority or outgroup status may leave them marginalised or have a weaker ethnic or cultural identity

30
Q

strength of social causation

A

significant correlation between urban dwelling and schizophrenia

31
Q

FGA

A

first-generation antipsychotics
chlorpromazine – first antipsychotic medication
reduces positive symptoms

32
Q

Features of FGA

A

effective in reducing positive symptoms

as many as 40% gain no relief at all, many people may still experience negative symptoms

33
Q

side effects of FGA

A

tardive dyskinesia = stiff or slow, wirthing movements of your face and body that you can’t control

34
Q

SGAs

A

clozapine – blocks dopamine, serotonin and glutamate receptors
reduces positive and negative effects

35
Q

side effects of SGAs

A

fatal blood condition, agranulocytosis

36
Q

features of SGAs

A

provides relief for up to 60% of people

37
Q

drug treatment protocols

A

start medication use as quickly as possible to be effective
objective is to decrease hostility and to return the client back to normal functioning
once symptoms subside, manitenence dose will be prescribed, maintained for 12 months after remission

38
Q

factors disrupting the effectiveness of antipsychotic medications

A

amphetamines, alcohol, caffeine and nicotine

39
Q

strength of drug treatments

A

supported by empirical evidence
Zhao et al. meta-analysis comparing 18 antipsychotics
found out that antipsychotics had lower relapse rates

40
Q

weakness of drug treatment

A

conducted on animals

can’t be generalised

41
Q

CBT structures

A

5-20 sessions

in groups or individually

42
Q

CBT - irrational thoughts

A

helps clients identify irrational thoughts and tries to change them
builds self-awareness by helping the individual understand more about their condition

43
Q

CBT - delusions

A

CBT helps patients explain the delusions they see, therefore reducing anxiety

44
Q

CBT - behavioural experiments

A

‘reality testing’
patients asked to collect evidence of percieved reality.
debunked with the clinician to prove that it is not real

45
Q

CBT - behavioural action

A

awarding positive behaviours (being more sociailly active, etc) to reduce motivational deficits

46
Q

strength of CBT

A

support by NICE
analysis done
showed that CBT was effective in reducing rehospitalisation rates for up to 18 months

47
Q

weakness of CBT

A

may not reduce all symptoms or prevent relapse

CBT found to be only superior in 2/9 trials

48
Q

CBT is better than drug treatments because…

A

some might not respond well to medication

study found drug resistant clients improved when given CBT which targeted their delusions and hallucinations

Psychology A Level (21 decks)

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