Psychology Key Words (Paper 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Opportunity Sample

A

A sample of participants produced by selecting people who are more easily available at the time of the study

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2
Q

Volunteer Sample

A

A sample of participants produced by asking for people willing to take part

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3
Q

Stratified Sample

A

Participants are selected from different subgroups (aka. Strata) in the target population in proportion to the subgroup’s frequency in that population

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4
Q

Random Sample

A

A sample of participants produced using a random technique such that every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected

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5
Q

Ranked scale

A

A kind of closed question where respondents are asked to give an assessment of their views using a scale

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6
Q

Open question

A

Questions that invites respondents to provide their own answers

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7
Q

Closed question

A

Questions that have a fixed number of possible answers

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8
Q

Questionnaire

A

Respondents record their own answers, the questions are predetermined, they are provided in written form and there is no face-to-face contact with the other person

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9
Q

independent measures

A

participants only take part in one condition of the study

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10
Q

repeated measures

A

all participants take part in every condition of the study

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11
Q

overt observation

A

when the participants know that they are being observed

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12
Q

covert observation

A

when the participants don’t know that they are being observed

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13
Q

inter-rater reliability

A

when there are more than one observers in the study/ the study is filmed and reviewed after. this allows cross-checking and improves reliability and validity

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14
Q

observer bias

A

when observers misinterpret the situation of the study

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15
Q

reductionism

A

experimental research requires identifying variables that may contribute to complex behaviour - and breaking it down into its simplest forms

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16
Q

holism

A

(opposite of reductionism) looking at things/ components as a whole

17
Q

lab experiment

A

study with independent and dependent variables, conducted in a very controlled environment

18
Q

field experiment

A

study done in the environment they are testing in, improves ecological validity

19
Q

reliability

A

ensuring that all procedures are the same for every participant so that their performances are comparable. refers to the consistency of measurements

20
Q

generalisability

A

the extent to which findings and conclusions form a particular investigation can be broadly applied to the population

21
Q

androcentric

A

male-centered, when ‘normal’ behaviour is judged according to male standards

22
Q

quantitative data

A

information in numbers

23
Q

qualitative data

A

information in words or pictures

24
Q

mundane realism

A

refers to how an experiment mirrors the real world

25
standardisation
the procedures used in any study should be the same for each participant
26
ethnocentrism
judging other cultures by the standards and values of one's own culture
27
demand characteristics
cues in a research situation that communicate to participants what is expected to them - this may unconsciously affect a person's behaviour
28
ecological validity
concerns. theextent to which the findings from a research study can be generalised beyond the particular study
29
internal validity
measuring what the study is supposed to measure
30
concurrent validity
when you use multiple measures to imrpove the validity of the study
31
descriptive validity
high = when patients of the same diagnosis exhibit similar symptoms
32
Aetiological validity
high = when patients of same diagnosis share similar causal factors
33
Predictive validity
how well a diagnosis predicts future behaviour / outcome
34
test-retest reliability
assessed then re-assessed at a later time, with the same clinician diagnosing