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3 Head & Neck Anatomy > Scalp and Cranial Cavity > Flashcards

Scalp and Cranial Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the scalp?

A

The skin and subcutaneous tissue that covers the neurocranium from the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone to the supraorbital margins of the frontal bone
Laterally it extends over the temporal fascia to the zygomatic arch

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2
Q

What is the face?

A

The anterior aspect of the head from forehead to chin and from one ear to the other

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3
Q

What are the layers of the scalp?

A

Skin
Dense connective tissue
Epicranial aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium

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4
Q

Describe the skin of the scalp

A

Outermost layer
Contains hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands, thickest over the occipital bone

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5
Q

Describe the dense connective tissue of the scalp

A

Subcutaneous layer richly vascularised with cutaneous nerves

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6
Q

Describe the epicranial aponeurosis of the scalp

A

Tendon and muscle of occipitofrontalis
Prevents superficial wounds from gaping open - when this layer is compromised (laceration) gaping wounds result that require sutures to close

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7
Q

Describe the loose connective tissue of the scalp

A

Loose areolar tissue that allows free movement of outer layers over underlying calvaria
Contains spaces susceptible to distension with fluid or infection spread

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8
Q

Describe the pericranium of the skull

A

External periosteum of the skull

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9
Q

Why can fluid or infection spread to the eyelids or root of nose?

A

Between the aponeurosis and pericranium there are potential spaces for accumulation of fluid eg - blood
The frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis inserts into skin and subcutaneous tissue - not bone
Spread via emissary veins

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10
Q

Which nerves nerves innervates the scalp?

A

C2,3
CN V (1,2 and 3)

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11
Q

Which branches of CN Va innervate the scalp?

A

Supraorbital
Supratrochlear
Infratrochlear
External nasal
Lacrimal

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12
Q

Which branches of CN Vb innervate the scalp?

A

Zygomaticotemporal
Zygomaticofacial
Infraorbital

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13
Q

Which branches of CN Vc innervate the scalp?

A

Auriculotemporal
Buccal
Mental

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14
Q

Which branches of C2 and 3 innervate the scalp?

A

C2 - greater occipital
C3 - third occipital
C2,3 - great auricular and lesser occipital

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15
Q

What supplies the skin over the angle of the mandible?

A

Not CN V but by the cervical plexus with the great auricular nerve (C2 and 3)

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16
Q

Describe blood supply and drainage of the scalp

A

Arterial supply is from both the internal (anterior scalp) and external (lateral and posterior scalp) carotid arteries
Veins run alongside the arteries and have the same names draining to the EJV with the exception of the occipital vein that drains to the IJV

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17
Q

Which branches of the internal carotid artery and vein supply and drain the scalp?

A

Supraorbital
Supratrochlear

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18
Q

Which branches of the external carotid artery and vein supply and drain the scalp

A

Superficial temporal
Posterior auricular
Occipital - (occipital vein drains to IJV)

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19
Q

Why is profuse bleeding common in scalp lacerations?

A

Arterial anastomoses are prevalent in the scalp and these lie superficially

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20
Q

Describe lymphatic drainage of the scalp?

A

Posterior - mastoid and occipital nodes drain to deep cervical nodes
Anterior - pre-auricular and parotid nodes

21
Q

Describe the anterior cranial fossa

A

Frontal ethmoid and sphenoid bones
Shallowest part of the cranial base
Occupied by the frontal lobes

22
Q

What role does CN I play in the anterior fossa?

A

Olfactory bulbs receive nerve fibres from the nasal cavity via the foramina of the cribriform plate (olfaction)

23
Q

How may cribiform plate fractures present?

A

With CSF rhinorrhoea

24
Q

Describe the middle cranial fossa

A

Sphenoid and temporal bones
Occupied by the temporal lobes

25
Q

Where is the pituitary gland found in the middle cranial fossa?

A

In the hypophyseal (pituitary) fossa - deepest part of the sella turcica

26
Q

What surrounds the pituitary gland?

A

4 clinoid processes and 2 superior projections - dorsum sellae posteriorly and tuberculum sellae anteriorly

27
Q

What foramina are found in the sphenoid bone?

A

Foramen rotundum - lateral
Pterygoid canal - medial

28
Q

What are the main features of the sphenoid bone?

A

Greater wing
Lesser wing
Sphenoid sinus
Superior orbital fissure
Dorsum sellae
Medial pterygoid plate
Lateral pterygoid plate

29
Q

What is the space between the medial and lateral pterygoid plates called?

A

The pterygoid fossa

30
Q

Describe the posterior cranial fossa

A

Sphenoid, occipital and temporal bones
Occupied by the cerebellum and brainstem

31
Q

What foramina are found in the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Foramen magnum
Jugular foramen
Hypoglossal canal

32
Q

What are granular foveolae?

A

Arachnoid granulations that return CSF to the venous circulation

33
Q

Describe the bone structure of the calvaria

A

Pericranium
External table
Diploë (compact bone)
Internal table
Dura

34
Q

What are buttresses?

A

Thicker portions of cranial bone (pillars) that transmit forces around weaker regions of the cranium (bypassing orbits and nasal cavity)

35
Q

Describe the frontonasal buttress

A

From the region of the canine teeth between the nasal and the orbital cavities to the central frontal bone

36
Q

Describe the zygomatic arch-lateral orbital margin buttress

A
37
Q

Describe the occipital buttresses

A

Transmit forces received lateral to the foramen magnum from the vertebral column

38
Q

Name the different buttresses

A

Frontosagittal buttress
Frontonasal buttress
Zygomatic arch-lateral orbital margin buttress
Occipital buttress

39
Q

What are cranial meninges?

A

Membranous layers that help in protection of the brain

40
Q

Name the different cranial meninges

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater

41
Q

Describe the layers of the dura mater

A

Periosteal layer - attached to bone
Meningeal layer - in contact with arachnoid mater
These two layers separate at venous sinuses and dura folds

42
Q

Describe the arachnoid mater

A

Lines the dura mater
Trabeculae project from internal surface, across the subarachnoid space and are continuous with the pia mater

43
Q

Describe the subarachnoid space

A

Contains CSF and blood vessels
Arachnoid villi reabsorb CSF into the venous system

44
Q

What are arachnoid granulations and where are they found?

A

Collections of arachnoid villi found in the sagittal sinus and lateral lacunae

45
Q

Describe the pia mater

A

Thin membrane attached to the surface of the brain
As it adheres to the brain surface, it enters the sulci of the brain

46
Q

What do dura mater folds do?

A

The limit the movement of the brain within the cavity

47
Q

Name the dura mater folds

A

Falx Cerebri
Tentrorium cerebelli
Falx Cerebelli
Diaphragma Sellae

48
Q

What supplies the dura mater and calvaria?

A

Meningeal arteries in the periosteal layer:
Anterior meningeal arteries
Middle and Accessory meningeal arteries
Posterior meningeal arteries

3 Head & Neck Anatomy (22 decks)

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