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3 Head & Neck Anatomy > Anterior Triangle - Muscles and Endocrine Glands > Flashcards

Anterior Triangle - Muscles and Endocrine Glands Flashcards

1
Q

What are the borders of the anterior triangle?

A

Inferior border of mandible
Anterior border of SCM
Midline of neck

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2
Q

What can be found on the roof of the anterior triangle?

A

Deep investing fascia around muscles

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3
Q

What can be found on the floor of the anterior triangle?

A

Pretracheal fascia and carotid sheath (postolaterally)

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4
Q

What are the sub-triangles of the anterior triangle?

A

Submandibular
Submental
Carotid
Muscular (omotracheal)

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5
Q

What can be found in the submandibular (digastric) triangle?

A

Submandibular gland
Lymph nodes
Parts of CN XII
Mylohyoid nerve
Parts of the facial artery and vein

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6
Q

What can be found in the submental triangle?

A

Submental lymph nodes
Some small veins which unite to form the anterior jugular vein

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7
Q

What can be found in the carotid triangle?

A

Thyroid gland
Larynx
Pharynx
Carotid sheath and its contents
Branches of the cervical plexus
Superior root of the ansa cervicalis
Parts of CN XI and XII
Deep cervical lymph nodes

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8
Q

What can be found in the muscular (omotracheal) triangle?

A

Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland

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9
Q

What are the suprahyoid muscles and where do they connect?

A

Connect to skull or mandible
Mylohyoid
Digastric
Stylohyoid
Geniohyoid

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10
Q

What are the infrahyoid muscles and where do they connect?

A

Connect to inferior structures - sternum, scapula, thyroid cartilage
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Thyrohyoid
Sternothyroid

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11
Q

What is the exception to infrahyoid muscle attachment?

A

The sternothyroid doesn’t attach to the hyoid but the sternum inferiorly and the thyroid cartilage superiorly

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12
Q

What is the general function of suprahyoid muscles?

A

Elevate the hyoid (swallowing) and larynx (tone production) and constitute substance of floor of mouth

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13
Q

Where does the mylohoid originate and insert?

A

Originates at mylohyoid line on mandible
Inserts into body of hyoid and fibres of opposite mylohyoid

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14
Q

What is the action of the mylohyoid?

A

Elevates the hyoid and the floor of the mouth
Reinforces the floor of the oral cavity

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15
Q

Where does the digastric originate and insert?

A

Anterior belly originates at digastric fossa on lower medial aspect of mandible
Posterior belly originates at mastoid notch on medial side of mastoid process
Both insert at attachment of their intermediate tendon at hyoid by a fascial sling

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16
Q

What is the action of the digastric?

A

Anterior belly raises hyoid and opens mouth by lowering mandible
Posterior belly elevated and retracts the hyoid bone

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17
Q

What innervates the mylohyoid?

A

CN V3 - inferior alveolar branch known as nerve to mylohyoid

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18
Q

What innervates the digastric?

A

Anterior belly - nerve to mylohyoid
Posterior belly - digastric branch of CN VII

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19
Q

Where does the stylohyoid originate and insert?

A

Originates at the styloid process
Inserts into body of hyoid laterally

20
Q

What is the action of the stylohyoid?

A

Pulls hyoid bone upwards (posterosuperior direction)

21
Q

What innervates the stylohyoid?

A

CN VII

22
Q

Where does the geniohyoid originate and insert?

A

Originates from the mandible - mental spine
Inserts at the body of hyoid - superior to mylohyoid

23
Q

What is the action of the geniohyoid?

A

If fixed mandible - elevates and pulls hyoid forwards
If fixed hyoid - pulls mandible down and inwards

24
Q

What is the innervation for the geniohyoid?

A

Anterior ramus of C1 - travels with CN XII

25
Q

What is the general function of infrahyoid muscles?

A

Depress or fix hyoid bone and provide attachment for suprahyoid muscles

26
Q

Where does the sternohyoid originate and insert?

A

Originates at posterior surface of sternoclavicular joint and manubrium
Inserts into body of hyoid medially

27
Q

What is the action of the sternohyoid?

A

Depresses hyoid after elevation during swallowing

28
Q

Where does the omohyoid originate and insert?

A

Superior belly originates at its intermediate tendon and inserts into body of hyoid laterally
Inferior belly originates at superior border of scapula and inserts/ends at its intermediate tendon

29
Q

What is the function of the omohyoid?

A

Depresses and fixes the hyoid

30
Q

Where does the thyrohyoid originate and insert?

A

Originates at the oblique line on thyroid cartilage
Inserts into the greater horn and adjacent body of the hyoid

31
Q

What is the function of the thyrohyoid?

A

Depresses the hyoid
Can raise the larynx when hyoid is fixed

32
Q

Where does the sternothyroid originate and insert?

A

Originates at posterior surface of the manubrium
Inserts into the oblique line on thyroid cartilage

33
Q

What is the action of the sternothyroid?

A

Draws the larynx downward

34
Q

What innervates the sternohyoid, omohyoid and sternothyroid?

A

The anterior rami of C1 to C3 - through the ansa cervicalis

35
Q

What innervates the thyrohyoid?

A

Anterior rami of C1 - fibres run with CN XII

36
Q

Describe the location and appearance of the thyroid gland

A

Found in visceral compartment of neck
Composed of 2 lateral lobes (L and R)
Extends from thyroid cartilage to 5th tracheal ring
Midline isthmus at 3rd tracheal ring
Midline pyramidal lobe variably present

37
Q

What is the arterial supply for the thyroid gland?

A

Superior thyroid artery - 1st branch of external carotid
Inferior thyroid artery - branch of thyrocervical trunk from subclavian
10% have an additional artery

38
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the thyroid venous plexus

A

Superior thyroid vein - into IJV
Middle thyroid vein - into IJV
Inferior thyroid vein - into brachiocephalic

39
Q

Describe the location and appearance of the parathyroid glands

A

Two pairs (superior and inferior) of small glands usually on posterior surface of thyroid
Exact position can vary extensively and aberrant parathyroid tissue can be present

40
Q

Describe the arterial supply and venous drainage of the parathyroid glands

A

Inferior thyroid arteries (branch of thyrocervical trunk)
Venous drainage same as thyroid

41
Q

What innervates the thyroid and parathyroid glands?

A

Thyroid branches from the cervical (sympathetic) ganglia
Vasomotor fibres - constrict blood vessels; endocrine secretion regulated hormonal by pituitary

42
Q

What are implications of the thyroid and parathyroid glands for neck surgery?

A

Anatomical relationship to recurrent laryngeal nerves from CN X
Potential damage to right recurrent laryngeal nerve
Symptoms of injury include hoarseness or aphonia (loss of voice)

43
Q

What is a cricothyrotomy?

A

(Coniotomy)
Emergency procedure, large bore needle passed through cricothyroid ligament
May be replaced by a small tracheostomy tube

44
Q

What is a tracheostomy?

A

Surgical airway, involves retraction of infrahyoid muscles and incision of isthmus to insert tube between 1-2nd or 2-4th tracheal rings

45
Q

What are the anatomical considerations of airway procedures?

A

Awareness of vasculature of neck
Age-related variation - presence of thymus in children or risk to oesophageal damage due to softness of trachea in children

3 Head & Neck Anatomy (22 decks)

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