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3 Head & Neck Anatomy > Gross Anatomy of The Brain Pt. I > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy of The Brain Pt. I Flashcards

1
Q

What do the cerebral hemispheres do?

A

Involved in basic functions such as receiving and analysing sensory impulses, storing memories and controlling the skeletal muscles on opposing sides of the body

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2
Q

What is the dominant cerebral hemisphere involved in?

A

Complex functions such as language, reading, writing and speech

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3
Q

What is the non-dominant cerebral hemisphere involved in?

A

Non-verbal functions such as orientation of the body in relation to its environment, visual experiences and interpreting musical patterns

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4
Q

How are the cerebral hemispheres connected?

A

Through the corpus callosum

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5
Q

What separates the brain into quarters superiorly?

A

The longitudinal cerebral fissure and the central sulcus

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6
Q

What makes up the cerebral cortex?

A

Six layers of neuronal cell bodies which constitute gray matter
More inferiorly the axons of these cells are myelinated which gives them a white appearance - white matter

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7
Q

How is white and gray matter arranged in the brain and spinal cord?

A

Brain - gray matter surrounds white matter
Spinal cord - white matter surrounds gray matter

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8
Q

What characterised the cerebral cortex superficially?

A

Gyri (folds)
Sulci (grooves)
Fissures (clefts)
They increase surface area of the brain and are very variable between individuals

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9
Q

How are the cerebral hemispheres divided?

A

Each into 4 lobes which are named after the overlying bone
The insula (fifth lobe) is deep to the other 3 doesn’t correspond to a bone so is named for its appearance

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10
Q

Where is the cerebellum found?

A

Inferior to the posterior part of the cerebrum and posterior to the pons and medulla, beneath the tentorium cerebella in the posterior cranial fossa

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11
Q

What makes up the cerebellum?

A

2 lateral hemispheres that are united by a narrow middle part called the vermis

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12
Q

What characterises the vermis?

A

Surface has ridges called folia and grooves

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13
Q

What is the tree like appearance of the cerebellum called?

A

Arbor vitae

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14
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Control of balance ipsilaterally

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15
Q

What is the function of the brainstem?

A

Connects the brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

What are the different parts of the brainstem?

A

The midbrain
The pons
The medulla oblongata

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17
Q

Where is the midbrain found and which CNs are associated with it?

A

The junction of the middle and posterior cranial fossa
CN III - occulomotor, CN IV - the trochlear

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18
Q

Where is the pons found and which CNs are associated with it?

A

Bulging area in the anterior part of the posterior cranial fossa and is associated with CN V - the trigeminal

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19
Q

Where is the medulla found and which CNs are associated with it?

A

Continuous with the spinal cord and lies in the posterior cranial fossa
Associated with CN IX, X and XII, the glossopharyngeal, vagus and hypoglossal nerves
CN VI-VIII, abducens, facial and vestibulocochlear, emerge at the junction of the pons and medulla

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20
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

The epithalamus, thalamus and hypothalamus
Forms the core of the brain

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21
Q

What are the different lobes of the cerebrum?

A

Frontal lobe
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Limbic lobe

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22
Q

What does the frontal lobe occupy?

A

The anterior cranial fossa

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23
Q

What separates the frontal and parietal lobes?

A

The central sulcus

24
Q

What separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe?

A

The lateral sulcus

25
Q

What does the temporal lobe occupy?

A

The lateral part of the middle cranial fossa

26
Q

What separates the parietal and occipital lobes?

A

No obvious separation but on the medial side the parieto-occipital sulcus

27
Q

What is the opercula?

A

The lines at which the lateral sulcus can be pulled apart at
Sometimes called the lips

28
Q

How is the insula found?

A

By pulling apart the lateral sulcus at the opercula

29
Q

What are the other names for the opercula?

A

Island of Reil
Limbic cortex

30
Q

Which is the largest lobe of the brain?

A

The frontal lobe

31
Q

What are the different parts of the frontal lobe?

A

Prefrontal cortex
Motor cortex
Broca’s area

32
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex important for?

A

Problem solving
Complex planning and decision making
Personality
Depth of feeling

33
Q

What is the motor cortex important for?

A

Planning
Control
Execution of voluntary movement

34
Q

What are the different areas of the motor cortex?

A

Pre motor cortex
Supplementary motor area
Primary motor cortex (found in precentral gyrus)

35
Q

What is the premotor cortex responsible for?

A

Learned movements

36
Q

What is the supplementary motor area responsible for?

A

Can be stimulated to instigate movement of contralateral limbs

37
Q

What is the primary motor cortex responsible for?

A

Specific areas correspond to specific areas of the body for voluntary motor function and movements

38
Q

Where is Broca’s area found and what is it responsible for?

A

Located near the motor cortex in the dominant hemisphere and utilised in speech production

39
Q

How does Broca’s area function?

A

Regulates breathing patterns while speaking and vocalisations required for normal speech, and coordinates the activities of the muscles of respiration, the larynx, pharynx, cheeks, lips, jaws and tongue to bring about the formation of words.

40
Q

What happens if there is damage to Broca’s area?

A

Broca’s Aphasia - sounds can be made but words cannot be formed

41
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A

Processing of sensory information

42
Q

What are the different areas of the parietal lobe?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex
Posterior parietal cortex

43
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex found and what is it responsible for?

A

Located in the post central gyrus
Responsible for tactile sensation, conscious perception of pain, pressure, taste, temperature and touch

44
Q

What is the posterior parietal cortex responsible for?

A

Integration of sensory information from other areas
Spatial perception
Spatial attention
Cognitive function

45
Q

What is somatotropin localisation?

A

The concept that specific areas of the body correspond to a specific point on the central nervous system

46
Q

Where is somatotopic localisation evident in the cerebral cortex?

A

The somatosensory and motor cortex

47
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

Visual processing

48
Q

What is found within the occipital lobe?

A

The primary visual cortex - located around the calcarine sulcus
Surrounded by the secondary visual area

49
Q

What happens in the primary visual cortex?

A

Receives visual information relayed via the thalamus and it allows for conscious perception of visual stimuli.

50
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A

Processing sensory information, especially the conscious perception of hearing and the sense of smell

51
Q

What is found within the temporal lobe?

A

Auditory cortex
Wernicke’s area

52
Q

What is the auditory cortex responsible for?

A

Hearing
Speech
Words
Pitch
Tone

53
Q

What is Wernicke’s area responsible for?

A

Language comprehension

54
Q

What is Wernicke’s Aphasia?

A

Leads to someone being able to speak words easily, but often with meaningless word pieces or vocalisation of phonemes

55
Q

Where is the insula found?

A

Deep to the lateral sulcus

56
Q

What is the insula responsible for?

A

Planning and coordinating articulatory movements necessary for speech
Also has connections with the olfactory cortex

57
Q

What are the anterior and posterior insula responsible for?

A

Anterior - language
Posterior - integrating information relating to touch, vision and hearing

3 Head & Neck Anatomy (22 decks)

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