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3 Head & Neck Anatomy > Osteology of The Head and Neck > Flashcards

Osteology of The Head and Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the skull?

A

Protects the brain, brainstem, cranial nerves and vasculature
Provides attachment for muscles
Provides a framework for the head
Gives us our identity

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2
Q

How are the different types of bones formed?

A

Flat - intramembranous ossification
Irregular - endochondral ossification

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3
Q

What are pneumatised bones and what are their purpose?

A

Bones with air spaces (air cells or sinuses)
Reduces skull weight and adds resonance to the voice

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4
Q

Give examples of pneumatised bones

A

Frontal
Temporal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid

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5
Q

What does the neurocranium include?

A

Bony case of the brain, cranial meninges, with a dome-like roof - calvaria, and floor - cranial base

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6
Q

What does the viscerocranium include?

A

Facial skeleton - anterior part of cranium consisting of bones surrounding the oral cavity, nasal cavity and most of the orbit

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7
Q

What are the bones of the neurocranium?

A

Frontal
Parietal x2
Occipital
Sphenoid
Temporal x2
Ethmoid

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8
Q

What are the bones of the viscerocranium?

A

Palatine x2
Lacrimal x2
Nasal x2
Zygomatic x2
Inferior Nasal Concha x2
Maxilla x2
Mandible
Vomer

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9
Q

What are the different views of the skull

A

Lateral - Norma lateralis
Above - Norma verticalis
Below - Norma basalis
Behind - Norma occipitalis
In front - Norma frontalis

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10
Q

What features of the skull can be seen laterally?

A

Neurocranium - external acoustic meatus, styloid and mastoid processes and temporal fossa
Viscerocranium - zygomatic arch, mandible and infratemporal fossa

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11
Q

What are the borders of the temporal fossa?

A

Superior and posterior - superior and inferior temporal lines
Anterior - frontal process of zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of frontal bone
Inferior - infratemporal crest deep to zygomatic arch

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12
Q

Give examples of landmarks in the neurocranium

A

Asterion
Inion
Lambda
Vertex
Bregma
Pterion
Glabella
Nasion

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13
Q

What is the pterion?

A

H-shaped junction of sutures - frontal, parietal, temporal and greater wing of sphenoid bone
Structurally weak area of the skull and vulnerable to injury

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14
Q

Why should pterion injury be taken seriously?

A

Overlies anterior branch of middle meningeal artery which if damaged can lead to extradural (epidural) hematoma

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15
Q

How can the pterion be located?

A

4cm superior to midpoint of zygomatic arch
3cm posterior to frontal process of zygomatic bone

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16
Q

What is the lambda?

A

The intersection of the sagittal and lambdoid suture

17
Q

What are Wormian bones and where are they found?

A

Small islands of bone that may be seen within a cranial suture
Most commonly seen in the lambdoid suture

18
Q

What are fontanelles?

A

Fibrous membranes that fuse in post natal life

19
Q

Name the different fontanelles?

A

Frontal
Parietal
Sphenoid
Mastoid

20
Q

Name the different paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal sinuses
Ethmoidal cells
Maxillary sinuses

21
Q

Give examples of landmarks found from the Norma basalis view of the skull

A

Carotid canal
Jugular foramen
Foramen magnum
Incisive fossa
Greater palatine foramen
Foramen lacerum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Hypoglossal canal

22
Q

Where is the ligamentum nuchae found?

A

Attaches the external occipital protuberance and foramen magnum to the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae

23
Q

What is the purpose of the ligamentum nuchae?

A

Supports the head and resists flexion
Attachment point for muscles

24
Q

Which cervical vertebrae are bifid?

A

C2 - C6

25
Q

What are the names of the atypical spinal vertebrae?

A

C1 - atlas
C2 - axis
C7 - vertebra prominens

26
Q

Name the features found in typical cervical vertebrae

A

Transverse process - foramen transversarium - posterior tubercle and anterior tubercle
Body
Spinous process
Vertebral arch
Vertebral foramen
Lamina
Articular facets

27
Q

Describe C7

A

Spinous process elongated but not bifid - site of attachment for the ligamentum nuchae
Smaller foramen a transversaria as the vertebral artery does not need to pass through it

28
Q

Where does articulation occur?

A

At the articular facets where the superior facet articulates with the inferior facet of the preceding vertebra

29
Q

Describe C1

A

Has anterior and posterior arches
No body
Anterior arch has articular facet for the dens of C2
Has superior articular facet for occipital condyle
Has transverse process and transverse foramina

30
Q

Describe C2

A

Has a body
Has a bifid spinous process
Has transverse process and transverse foramina
Has dens or odontoid process which acts as an axis for the atlas and atlanto-occipital joint
Has large superior articular facets

31
Q

Where is the atlanto-occipital joint found and what does it allow?

A

Between the skull and C1
Allows flexion and extension of the condyloid joint (nodding)

32
Q

Where is the lateral atlanto-axial joint and what does it allow?

A

Between C1 and C2
Allows rotation of head (side to side)
Assisted by transverse ligament of atlas holding the dens in position

33
Q

What does the lateral atlanto-axial joint replace?

A

An intervertebral disc between C1 and C2

34
Q

What are alar ligaments?

A

Ligaments that prevent excessive rotation of the head and neck
They connect the dens to the occipital condyles

35
Q

Describe the hyoid bone

A

U shaped bone found at C3 level of neck
Does not articulate with any skeletal elements, suspended by muscles and ligaments
Connects oral cavity with pharynx posteriorly and larynx inferiorly- helping to keep airway open
Site of attachment for suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles

36
Q

What are the purpose of the lesser horns of the hyoid bone?

A

Form the site of attachment for the stylohyoid ligament which connects the hyoid to the styloid process of the skull

3 Head & Neck Anatomy (22 decks)

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