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Savarese Ch 10: Facilitation Flashcards

1
Q

What is facilitation?

A

The maintenance of a pool of neurons in a state of partial or sub-threshold excitation.

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2
Q

What are the 3 parts of a spinal reflex?

A
  1. An afferent limb –> Sensory input
  2. A central limb –> Spinal pathway (interneurons)
  3. An Efferent limb –> motor pathway
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3
Q

In facilitation, what is actually sensitized?

A

The interneurons at a spinal cord level.

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4
Q

Through which pathway does visceral dysfunction transmit information to the spinal cord?

A

Autonomic afferents

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5
Q

Parasympathetic Effects on the Eye (pupil and lens)

A

Pupil: Constricts (miosis)
Lens: Contracts for NEAR vision

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6
Q

Sympathetic effects on the eye (pupil and lens)

A

Pupil: Dilates (mydriasis)
Lens: Slight relaxation for far vision

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7
Q

Parasympathetic Effects on Glands (ex. nasal, lacrimal, parotid, submandibular, gastric, and pancreatic)

A

Stimulates COPIOUS Secretion

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8
Q

Sympathetic Effects on Glands (ex. nasal, lacrimal, parotid, submandibular, gastric, and pancreatic)

A

Vasoconstriction for SLIGHT secretion.

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9
Q

Parasympathetic effect on Sweat glands

A

Sweating on palms of hands

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10
Q

Sympathetic effects on sweat glands

A

Copious sweating (cholinergic)

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11
Q

Parasympathetic effects on the heart

A

Decreases contraction and conduction velocity

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12
Q

Sympathetic effects on the heart

A

Increases contractility and conduction velocity

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13
Q

Parasympathetic Effects on the Lungs (bronchiolar smooth muscle; Respiratory Epithelium)

A

Bronchiolar smooth muscle: Contracts

Respiratory Epithelium: Decreases # of goblet cells to enhance THIN secretions

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14
Q

Sympathetic effects on the lungs (Bronchiolar smooth muscle, Respiratory epithelium)

A

Bronchiolar smooth muscle: Relax

Respiratory Epithelium: Increases # of goblet cells to produce thick secretions.

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15
Q

Parasympathetic Effects on the GI tract (Smooth muscle - lumen & sphincters; Secretion/Motility)

A

Lumen: Contracts
Sphincters: Relaxes
Secretion/Motility: Increases

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16
Q

Sympathetic Effects on the GI tract (Smooth muscle - lumen & sphincters; Secretion/Motility)

A

Lumen: Relaxes
Sphincters: Contracts
Secretion/Motility: Decreases

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17
Q

Parasympathetic Effects on Systemic arterioles: Skin/visceral vessels; Skeletal Muscles

A

NONE (for both)

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18
Q

Sympathetic Effects on Systemic arterioles: Skin/visceral vessels; Skeletal Muscles

A

Skin and visceral vessels: Contracts

Skeletal muscles: Relaxes

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19
Q 
Parasympathetic Effects on Genitourinary
Bladder wall (detrusor); Bladder sphincter (Trigone); Penis
A

Detrusor: Contracts
Trigone: Relaxes
Penis: Erection (Anatomical position!)

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20
Q 
Sympathetic Effects on Genitourinary
Bladder wall (detrusor); Bladder sphincter (Trigone); Penis
A

Detrusor: Relaxes
Trigone: Contracts
Penis: Ejaculation

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21
Q

Parasympathetic Effects on the Kidneys

A

Unknown

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22
Q

Sympathetic Effects on the Kidneys

A

Vasoconstriction of AFFERENT arterioloe (this is how it was spelled) –> DECREASED GFR –> Decreased Urine volume

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23
Q

Parasympathetic Effects on the ureters

A

Maintains normal peristalsis

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24
Q

Sympathetic Effects on the ureters

A

Ureterospasm

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25
Parasympathetic Effect on the liver
Slight glycogen synthesis
26
Sympathetic effect on the liver
Glycogenolysis (release of glucose into bloodstream)
27
Parasympathetic Effect on the uterus (fundus; cervix)
Fundus: Relaxation Cervix: Constricts
28
Sympathetic Effect on the uterus (fundus/boyd; cervix)
Fundus: constricts Cervix: Relaxes
29
Where does Parasympathetic innervation of the Pupils originate?
CN III (midbrain) --> Ciliary ganglion
30
Where does Parasympathetic innervation of the Lacrimal and nasal glands originate?
CN VII (pons) --> Sphenopalatine ganglion
31
Where does Parasympathetic innervation of the Submandiubular and sublingal glands originate?
CN VII (pons) --> submandibular ganglion
32
Where does Parasympathetic innervation of the Parotid Gland originate?
CN IX (Medulla) --> otic ganglion
33
Where does Parasympathetic innervation of the Heart originate?
CN X (medulla)
34
Where does Parasympathetic innervation of the Bronchial Tree originate?
CN X (Medulla)
35
Where does Parasympathetic innervation of the Lower 2/3 of esophagus; stomach; Sm intestine; liver; gallbladder; pancreas originate?
CN X (Medulla)
36
Where does Parasympathetic innervation of the Kidney and upper ureter originate?
CN X (Medulla)
37
Where does Parasympathetic innervation of the Ovaries and Testes originate?
CN X (Medulla)
38
Where does Parasympathetic innervation of the Ascending and Transverse Colon originate?
CN X (Medulla)
39
Where does Parasympathetic innervation of the Lower ureter and bladder originate?
Pelvic splanchnic (S2-4)
40
Where does Parasympathetic innervation of the Uterus, prostate, genitalia originate?
Pelvis splanchnic (s2-4)
41
Where does Parasympathetic innervation of the Descending colon, Sigmoid, and rectum originate?
Pelvic Splanchnic (S2-4)
42
What is the sympathetic innervation of the HEAD AND NECK
T1-T4
43
What is the sympathetic innervation of the HEART
T1-T5
44
What is the sympathetic innervation of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
T2-T7
45
What is the sympathetic innervation of the ESOPHAGUS
T2-T8
46
What is the sympathetic innervation of the UPPER GI SYSTEM? And corresponding nerve and ganglion (Stomach; liver; Gallbladder; Spleen; Portions of the pancreas and deuodenum)
T5-T9 | Greater Splanchinic Nerve --> Celiac Ganglion
47
What is the sympathetic innervation of the MIDDLE GI TRACT? And corresponding nerve and ganglion (Portions of the pancreas and duodenum; Jejunum; Ilium; Ascending colon; Proximal 2/3 of transverse colon [right colon])
T10-T11 | Lesser splanchnic Nerve --> Superior Mesenteric Ganglion
48
What is the sympathetic innervation of the LOWER GI TRACT? And corresponding nerve and ganglion (Distal 1/3 of transverse colon; Descending colon, Sigmoid colon (left colon); Rectum)
T12-L2 | Least Splanchnic Nerve --> Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion
49
What is the sympathetic innervation of the APPENDIX
T12
50
What is the sympathetic innervation of the KIDNEYS? (and corresponding ganglion)
T10-T11 | Superior Mesenteric Ganglion
51
What is the sympathetic innervation of the ADRENAL MEDULLA
T10
52
What is the sympathetic innervation of the UPPER URETERS? And corresponding ganglion
T10-T11 | Superior Mesenteric Ganglion
53
What is the sympathetic innervation of the LOWER URETER? And corresponding ganglion
T12-L1 | Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion
54
What is the sympathetic innervation of the BLADDER
T11-L2
55
What is the sympathetic innervation of the GONADS
T10-T11
56
What is the sympathetic innervation of the UTERUS AND CERVIX
T10-L2
57
What is the sympathetic innervation of the ERECTILE TISSUE OF PENIS AND CLITORIS
T11-L2
58
What is the sympathetic innervation of the PROSTATE
T12-L2
59
What is the sympathetic innervation of the EXTREMITIES (arms vs Legs)
Arms: T2-T8 Legs: T11-L2
60
What is the significance of the LIGAMENT OF TREITZ w/ regards to sympathetic innervation
Anything before the ligament = T5-T9 | Ligament divides the duodenum and jejunum
61
What is the significance of the SPLENIC FLEXURE of the large intestine w/ regards to sympathetic innervation?
Anything after the flexure = T12-L2 | Flexure divides the transverse and descending colon
62
What is the significance of the SPLENIC FLEXURE and the LIGAMENT OF TREITZ (combined) w/regards to sympathetic innervation?
Anything between these 2 landmarks is innervated by T10-T11
63
Are you tired of this chapter yet?
Yeah, me too
64
Why should you know who Irvin Korr PhD was?
He established that there is HYPERSYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY in disease processes. Therefore; it is important to curb sympathetic activity, or enhance parasympathetic activity when treating disease states.
65
What are the 5 OM techniques aimed at the sympathetic nervous system?
1. Rib raising 2. Soft tissue paraspinal inhibiton 3. Celiac ganglion, Superior mesenteric, Inferrior mesenteric releases 4. Tx of Chapman's reflexes 5. Tx of cervical paraspinal sympathetic ganglia
66
What are the 3 purposes of Rib Raising?
1. Normalize (decrease) sympathetic activity 2. Improve lymphatic return 3. Encourages maximum inhalation and provokes a more effective negative intrathoracic pressure.
67
What are the indications of rib raising?
``` Visceral dysfunction Decreased rib excursion Lymphatic congestion Fever Paraspinal muscle spasm ```
68
What is the purpose of soft tissue paraspinal inhibition?
Normalize (decrease) sympathetic activity | *Ileus prevention!)
69
What is the purpose of celiac ganglion, Superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric releases?
To normalize (decrease) sympathetic activity
70
What are the indications (2) for celiac ganglion, Superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric releases?
GI Dysfunction | Pelvic dysfunction
71
What is the purpose of treating Chapman's reflexes?
To DECREASE sympathetic tone to associated visceral tissues
72
What are the spinal levels to the SUPERIOR, MIDDLE, and INFERIOR cervical ganglia?
Superior: C1-3 Middle: C6-C7 Inferior: C7-T1
73
What are the 5 OM techniques aimed at the PARASYMPATHETIC nervous system?
1. Cranial manipulation 2. Sphenopalatine ganglion technique 3. Condylar decompression 4. Tx through vagus nerve influence 5. Tx of sacral somatic dysfunctions
74
What is the purpose of Cranial Manipulation? | resist the urge to insert joke
Aids in dural strains and improves parasympathetic function in head structures innervated by CN 3, 7, 9, 10.
75
What is the purpose of Sphenopalatine ganglion technique?
Enhancing parasympathetic activity will encourage thin watery secretions through short intermittently manual finger pressure intraorally to the sphenopalatine ganglion.
76
What is the indication (1) for sphenopalatine ganglion technique?
Thick nasal secretions
77
What is the purpose of Condylar decompression?
Help free parasympathetic responses to structures innervated by cranial nerves IX and X by freeing passage through the jugular foramen (i.e. occipito-mastoid suture) Our profs say CNXII is primary here, FYI
78
Give a clinically significant scenario with condylar compression:
Can result from child birth - may cause suckling difficulties for the newborn and thus failure to thrive.
79
To treat CN X (parasympathetic tone), what joints should be targeted? (3)
OA, AA, C2
80
What is the purpose for treatment of sacral somatic dysfunctions? (2)
1. Normalize hyperparasympathetic activity in the LEFT colon, and pelvic structures. 2. Reduce labor pain caused by cervical dilation
81
What are the indications for sacral somatic dysfunction treatment? (3)
1. Dysmenorrhea 2. Labor pain from cervical dilation 3. Constipation

Boards: OPP (13 decks)

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