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Biology SAT > SAT Subject Test - Biology E-M > Flashcards

SAT Subject Test - Biology E-M Flashcards

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1
Q

abiotic factors

A

nonliving factors in an ecosystem (temperature, water, sunlight, wind, rocks, soil, etc.)

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2
Q

active transport

A

movement of particles against a gradient, from low concentration to high concentration (always requires the expenditure of energy)

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3
Q

alcohol fermentation

A

the process by which certain cells convert pyruvic acid or pyruvate from glycolysis into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen

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4
Q

allantois

A

extra embryonic membrane in bird’s egg (exchanges respiratory gases to and from the embryo)

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5
Q

alleles

A

alternate forms of a gene (there are two alleles for height in pea plants, tall and dwarf)

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6
Q

alveolus (alveoli)

A

microscopic air sacs in the lung where diffusion of the respiratory gases, oxygen, and carbon dioxide occurs

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7
Q

analogous structures

A

structures that have the same function but not the same underlying structure (not evidence of a common origin or common ancestry)

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8
Q

antibodies

A

immunoglobins, part of the third line of defense, the specific immune response

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9
Q

antigens

A

anything that triggers an antibody response

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10
Q

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

A

special high-energy molecule that stores energy for immediate use in the cell

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11
Q

base-pair substitution

A

a mutation where one nucleotide is substituted for a correct one in the DNA strand

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12
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

system of taxonomy that we use today (Homo sapiens)

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13
Q

biosphere

A

the global ecosystem

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14
Q

budding

A

splitting off of new individuals from existing ones (hydra)

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15
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

cyclical process that produces sugar, occurs during the light-independent reactions

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16
Q

carbon fixation

A

incorporation of carbon dioxide into a sugar, occurs during the Calvin Cycle

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17
Q

centrioles

A

organelle responsible for division of the cytoplasm in plant cells (not present in animal cells)

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18
Q

cleavage

A

rapid mitotic cell division of the zygote that begins immediately after fertilization

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19
Q

codon

A

the three-nucleotide sequence associated with mRNA

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20
Q

coenzymes

A

vitamins that assist in the normal functioning of enzymes

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21
Q

crossing-over

A

a normal process in which homologous chromatids exchange genetic material, increases variation in the gametes

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22
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm

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23
Q

cytoplasm

A

the entire region between the nucleus and plasma membrane in a cell

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24
Q

decomposer

A

organisms that play a vital role in the ecosystem and that recycle dead organic matter (bacteria, fungi)

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25
Q

dehydration synthesis (synthesis)

A

process by which molecules are bonded together to form a larger molecule with the removal of water

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26
Q

deletion

A

a mutation where a piece of a gene or chromosome is lost

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27
Q

diffusion

A

the flow of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration (simple and facilitated)

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28
Q

digestion

A

enzymatic breakdown, hydrolysis, of food so it is small enough to be assimilated into the body

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29
Q

dipeptide

A

a molecule consisting of two amino acids

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30
Q

ecosystem

A

includes all the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic (nonliving) factors with which they interact

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31
Q

ectoderm

A

the outermost layer of an embryo, which develops into skin and nervous system

32
Q

ectotherm

A

an animal that must use environmental energy or behavioral adaptations to its body temperature, cold-blooded

33
Q

ETC (Electron Transport Chain)

A

consists of a series of molecules within the cristae membrane of mitochondria that provides the energy to phosphorylate ADP into ATP during oxidative phosphorylation

34
Q

endoderm

A

the innermost layer of an embryo, which develops into the digestive system

35
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

system of transports channels within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell

36
Q

endotherm

A

an animal that uses metabolic energy to maintain constant body temperature; warm-blooded

37
Q

eukaryotes

A

cells that contain internal membranes (opposite of prokaryotic cells)

38
Q

fermentation

A

anaerobic phase of cell respiration

39
Q

fission

A

division of an organism into two new cells (reproduction in protists)

40
Q

food chain

A

pathway along which food is transferred from one trophic or feeding level to another

41
Q

gastrulation

A

the process by which a blastula develops into a gastrula with the formation of three embryonic layers

42
Q

genotype

A

the kind of genes an organism has

43
Q

geographic isolation

A

separation by mountain ranges, canyons, rivers, lakes, or glaciers, that may cause significant isolation

44
Q

glycerol

A

combines with fatty acids to make lipids

45
Q

glycolysis

A

the anaerobic phase of aerobic respiration (one molecule of glucose breaks apart into two molecules of pyruvate)

46
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

cell organelle that packages and secretes substances for the cell

47
Q

gradualism

A

the theory that organisms descended from a common ancestor gradually, over a long period of time, in a linear or branching fashion

48
Q

grana

A

membranes within chloroplats that consist of thylakoid membranes and are the sites of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis

49
Q

guard cells

A

modified epitherlium containing chloroplats that control the opening and closing of the stomates by a change in shape

50
Q

half-life

A

amount of time it takes for a radioactive isotope to decay half its mass

51
Q

haploid

A

having half the chromosome number

52
Q

hermaphrodites

A

organisms that contain both female and male sex organs

53
Q

heterotrophs

A

organisms that must take in all their nutrients

54
Q

homeostasis

A

internal stability

55
Q

homologous structures

A

the same internal bone structure, although the function of each varies, if organisms have homologous structures, it means they have a common ancestor

56
Q

hydrogen bonding

A

an intermolecular attraction between molecules that exert a strong pull on their electrons

57
Q

hydrophilic

A

soluble in water (hydrophilic substances are either polar or ionic)

58
Q

hydrophobic

A

insoluble in water (hydrophobic substances are nonpolar)

59
Q

hypertonic

A

having greater concentration of solute than another solution

60
Q

hypotonic

A

having less concentration of solute than another solution

61
Q

incomplete dominance

A

an inheritence pattern characterized by blending of traits (red flower + white flower = pink flower)

62
Q

insertion

A

a mutation where one nucleotide inserts itself into an existing strand

63
Q

ionic bonds

A

bonds between atoms that form by transferring electrons

64
Q

karyptype

A

procedure that analyzes the size, shape, and number of chromosomes

65
Q

Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle)

A

the first stage of the aerobic phase of cellular respiration which occurs in the inner matrix of mitochondria

66
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

occurs during strenuous exercise when the body cannot keep up with the increased demand for oxygen by skeletal muscles and pyruvic acid converts to lactic acid, which builds up in the muscle and causes fatigue and burning

67
Q

Law of Dominance

A

Mendel’s first law states that when two organisms, each homozygous (pure) for two opposing traits are crossed, the offspring will be hybrid but will only exhibit the dominant trait and the trait that remains hidden is the recessive trait

68
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

a cross that is carried out between two individuals hybrid for two or more traits that are not on the same chromosome - the resulting phenotype ratio is 9:3:3:1

69
Q

Law of Segregation

A

during the formation of gametes, the traits carried on homologous chromosomes separate

70
Q

light-dependent reactions

A

part of photosynthesis that requires light, produces ATP, and releases oxygen

71
Q

light-independent reactions

A

part of photosynthesis that does not require light directly, only the products of the light-dependent reactions (sugar - PGAL - is the product)

72
Q

limiting factors

A

those factors that limit population growth

73
Q

lipid

A

one type of organic molecule that consists of one glycerol plus three fatty acids

74
Q

locomotion

A

moving from place to place

75
Q

meiosis

A

type of cell division in sexually-reproducing organisms that produces haploid (n) gametes - IPMATIC

76
Q

mesoderm

A

the middle layer of an embryo that develops into blood, bones, and muscle

Biology SAT (14 decks)

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