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Biology SAT > SAT Subject Test - Biology E-M > Flashcards

SAT Subject Test - Biology E-M Flashcards

1
Q

abiotic factors

A

nonliving factors in an ecosystem (temperature, water, sunlight, wind, rocks, soil, etc.)

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2
Q

active transport

A

movement of particles against a gradient, from low concentration to high concentration (always requires the expenditure of energy)

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3
Q

alcohol fermentation

A

the process by which certain cells convert pyruvic acid or pyruvate from glycolysis into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen

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4
Q

allantois

A

extra embryonic membrane in bird’s egg (exchanges respiratory gases to and from the embryo)

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5
Q

alleles

A

alternate forms of a gene (there are two alleles for height in pea plants, tall and dwarf)

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6
Q

alveolus (alveoli)

A

microscopic air sacs in the lung where diffusion of the respiratory gases, oxygen, and carbon dioxide occurs

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7
Q

analogous structures

A

structures that have the same function but not the same underlying structure (not evidence of a common origin or common ancestry)

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8
Q

antibodies

A

immunoglobins, part of the third line of defense, the specific immune response

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9
Q

antigens

A

anything that triggers an antibody response

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10
Q

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

A

special high-energy molecule that stores energy for immediate use in the cell

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11
Q

base-pair substitution

A

a mutation where one nucleotide is substituted for a correct one in the DNA strand

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12
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

system of taxonomy that we use today (Homo sapiens)

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13
Q

biosphere

A

the global ecosystem

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14
Q

budding

A

splitting off of new individuals from existing ones (hydra)

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15
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

cyclical process that produces sugar, occurs during the light-independent reactions

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16
Q

carbon fixation

A

incorporation of carbon dioxide into a sugar, occurs during the Calvin Cycle

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17
Q

centrioles

A

organelle responsible for division of the cytoplasm in plant cells (not present in animal cells)

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18
Q

cleavage

A

rapid mitotic cell division of the zygote that begins immediately after fertilization

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19
Q

codon

A

the three-nucleotide sequence associated with mRNA

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20
Q

coenzymes

A

vitamins that assist in the normal functioning of enzymes

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21
Q

crossing-over

A

a normal process in which homologous chromatids exchange genetic material, increases variation in the gametes

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22
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm

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23
Q

cytoplasm

A

the entire region between the nucleus and plasma membrane in a cell

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24
Q

decomposer

A

organisms that play a vital role in the ecosystem and that recycle dead organic matter (bacteria, fungi)

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25
dehydration synthesis (synthesis)
process by which molecules are bonded together to form a larger molecule with the removal of water
26
deletion
a mutation where a piece of a gene or chromosome is lost
27
diffusion
the flow of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration (simple and facilitated)
28
digestion
enzymatic breakdown, hydrolysis, of food so it is small enough to be assimilated into the body
29
dipeptide
a molecule consisting of two amino acids
30
ecosystem
includes all the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic (nonliving) factors with which they interact
31
ectoderm
the outermost layer of an embryo, which develops into skin and nervous system
32
ectotherm
an animal that must use environmental energy or behavioral adaptations to its body temperature, cold-blooded
33
ETC (Electron Transport Chain)
consists of a series of molecules within the cristae membrane of mitochondria that provides the energy to phosphorylate ADP into ATP during oxidative phosphorylation
34
endoderm
the innermost layer of an embryo, which develops into the digestive system
35
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
system of transports channels within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell
36
endotherm
an animal that uses metabolic energy to maintain constant body temperature; warm-blooded
37
eukaryotes
cells that contain internal membranes (opposite of prokaryotic cells)
38
fermentation
anaerobic phase of cell respiration
39
fission
division of an organism into two new cells (reproduction in protists)
40
food chain
pathway along which food is transferred from one trophic or feeding level to another
41
gastrulation
the process by which a blastula develops into a gastrula with the formation of three embryonic layers
42
genotype
the kind of genes an organism has
43
geographic isolation
separation by mountain ranges, canyons, rivers, lakes, or glaciers, that may cause significant isolation
44
glycerol
combines with fatty acids to make lipids
45
glycolysis
the anaerobic phase of aerobic respiration (one molecule of glucose breaks apart into two molecules of pyruvate)
46
Golgi apparatus
cell organelle that packages and secretes substances for the cell
47
gradualism
the theory that organisms descended from a common ancestor gradually, over a long period of time, in a linear or branching fashion
48
grana
membranes within chloroplats that consist of thylakoid membranes and are the sites of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis
49
guard cells
modified epitherlium containing chloroplats that control the opening and closing of the stomates by a change in shape
50
half-life
amount of time it takes for a radioactive isotope to decay half its mass
51
haploid
having half the chromosome number
52
hermaphrodites
organisms that contain both female and male sex organs
53
heterotrophs
organisms that must take in all their nutrients
54
homeostasis
internal stability
55
homologous structures
the same internal bone structure, although the function of each varies, if organisms have homologous structures, it means they have a common ancestor
56
hydrogen bonding
an intermolecular attraction between molecules that exert a strong pull on their electrons
57
hydrophilic
soluble in water (hydrophilic substances are either polar or ionic)
58
hydrophobic
insoluble in water (hydrophobic substances are nonpolar)
59
hypertonic
having greater concentration of solute than another solution
60
hypotonic
having less concentration of solute than another solution
61
incomplete dominance
an inheritence pattern characterized by blending of traits (red flower + white flower = pink flower)
62
insertion
a mutation where one nucleotide inserts itself into an existing strand
63
ionic bonds
bonds between atoms that form by transferring electrons
64
karyptype
procedure that analyzes the size, shape, and number of chromosomes
65
Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle)
the first stage of the aerobic phase of cellular respiration which occurs in the inner matrix of mitochondria
66
lactic acid fermentation
occurs during strenuous exercise when the body cannot keep up with the increased demand for oxygen by skeletal muscles and pyruvic acid converts to lactic acid, which builds up in the muscle and causes fatigue and burning
67
Law of Dominance
Mendel's first law states that when two organisms, each homozygous (pure) for two opposing traits are crossed, the offspring will be hybrid but will only exhibit the dominant trait and the trait that remains hidden is the recessive trait
68
Law of Independent Assortment
a cross that is carried out between two individuals hybrid for two or more traits that are not on the same chromosome - the resulting phenotype ratio is 9:3:3:1
69
Law of Segregation
during the formation of gametes, the traits carried on homologous chromosomes separate
70
light-dependent reactions
part of photosynthesis that requires light, produces ATP, and releases oxygen
71
light-independent reactions
part of photosynthesis that does not require light directly, only the products of the light-dependent reactions (sugar - PGAL - is the product)
72
limiting factors
those factors that limit population growth
73
lipid
one type of organic molecule that consists of one glycerol plus three fatty acids
74
locomotion
moving from place to place
75
meiosis
type of cell division in sexually-reproducing organisms that produces haploid (n) gametes - IPMATIC
76
mesoderm
the middle layer of an embryo that develops into blood, bones, and muscle

Biology SAT (14 decks)

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