Sat Bio Organic and Bio chem

Question 1

All matter is made from

Answer 1

different combinations of 92 naturally occurring substances known as elements.

Question 2

Element

Answer 2

a naturally occurring substance. Ex: hydrogen, oxygen, helium

Question 3

Atom

Answer 3

The smallest quantity of an element that still exhibits the characteristics of that element

Question 4

Isotope

Answer 4

An atom that contains a larger or smaller number of neutrons than usual

Question 5

Ion

Answer 5

An atom that either lacks or has extra electrons and so is a charged particle and is chemically interactive with other atoms

Question 6

Molecules

Answer 6

Atoms combined which create a unique substance with physical and chemical properties distinct from their combined elements. Combining two hydrogen atoms with one oxygen atom creates water - very different from hydrogen or oxygen alone. Molecules such as water containing more than one type of element can also be called compounds. A water molecule made up of oxygen and hydrogen can be called a compound; a hydrogen molecule, which contains only two hydrogen atoms, cannot be called a compound.

Question 7

Chemical Bonds

Answer 7

The connections between the atoms in a compound.

Question 8

Covalent bond

Answer 8

Bond formed through the (more or less equal) sharing of electrons between atoms. aka molecule. A single covalent bond results when two atoms share one pair of electrons. A double covalent bond results when two atoms share two pairs and triple covalent bond results when they share three.

Question 9

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

Answer 9

electrons in a covalent bond shared equally. Examples: H2, O2

Question 10

Polar Covalent Bond

Answer 10

Any bond between two non-identical atoms is polar. Polar means they are not sharing electrons equally. Example: H2O - Hydrogen needs one electron. Oxygen needs two

Question 11

Ionic Bonds

Answer 11

One atom pulls the shared electrons away from another other atom entirely. Ionic bonds are stronger than polar bonds. Example: the reaction between sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) to form table salt (NaCl). The chlorine atom steals an electron from the sodium atom. Because it loses an electron, the sodium atom develops a charge of +1. The chlorine atom has a charge of -1, since it gained an electron.

Question 12

Dipole-Dipole Bonds

Answer 12

Dipole means two magnetic poles. Most important dipole-dipole bond in SAT II Biology is the dipole-dipole interaction between positively charged hydrogen molecules and negatively charged oxygen molecules. This reaction is so important, it gets its own special name: hydrogen bond. These bonds account for many of the exceptional properties of water and have important effects on the structure of proteins and DNA.

Question 13

Radioisotopes

Answer 13

radioactive isotopes. They emit particles and decay at a known rate called a half-life. Useful in measuring the age of fossils, medical diagnosis, treatment, research. Radioactive iodine can be used to diagnose and treat thyroid diseases. Also used on PET scans.

Question 14

cation

Answer 14

an ion with a positive charge produced by the loss of one or more electrons

Question 15

anion

Answer 15

an ion with a negative charge produced by the addition of one or more electrons

Question 16

Rule For Solutions

Answer 16

All polar molecules will mix to form solutions. Al non polar molecules will mix to form solutions. But polar and non polar molecules will not mix to form solutions

Question 17

isomer

Answer 17

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures. Ex: glucose, galactose, fructose

Question 18

The internal pH of most living cells is

Answer 18

7

Question 19

Buffers

Answer 19

regulate pH bu removing excess or adding needed hydrogen ions

Question 20

Name the four classes of organic compounds

Answer 20

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 21

All organic compounds contain ________

Answer 21

Carbon

Question 22

Carbohydrates consist of ________

Answer 22

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Question 23

The three classes of carbohydrates are

Answer 23

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Question 24

Monosaccharides

Answer 24

All have chemical formula of C6 H12 O6 They are single sugar molecules - glucose, fructose, galactose;

Question 25

Disaccharides

Answer 25

All have chemical formula of C12 H22 O11 A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis. Sucrose, Lactose, Maltose

Question 26

Polysaccharides

Answer 26

polymers of carbohydrates - many monosaccharides join together by dehydration synthesis. 4 important are cellulose, starch, chitin, and glycogen

Question 27

Cellulose

Answer 27

Polysaccharide that makes up plant cell walls

Question 28

Starch

Answer 28

Polysaccharide - the way plants store carbohydrates

Question 29

Chitin

Answer 29

Polysaccharide - makes up the exoskeleton in arthropods and cell walls in mushrooms

Question 30

Glycogen

Answer 30

Polysaccharide - “Animal starch”; in humans this is stored in the liver and skeletal system

Question 31

polymer

Answer 31

a large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together

Question 32

Lipids

Answer 32

Fats, phopholipids, steroids - Made of glycerol and three fatty acids.

Question 33

Saturated Fats

Answer 33

Contain only single bonds in the chain

Question 34

Unsaturated Fats

Answer 34

Have at least one double bond between carbon atoms in their hydrocarbon chain so they will have fewer (missing in the chain at the point of the carbon bond) hydrogen atoms

Question 35

Lipid Functions

Answer 35

1. Energy storage: 1 gram releases 9 calories

Question 36

Proteins

Answer 36

Polymers or polypeptides consist of repeating amino acids joined by peptidebonds. Consist of elements S,P,C,O,H and N.

Question 37

Amino Acid

Answer 37

Know there are 20, know basic structure so you can tell if it is an amino acid or if it is something else

Question 38

Protein Structures

Answer 38

Act as enzymes, membrane channels, hormones…

Question 39

Primary structure of protein

Answer 39

the sequence of amino acids that make the protein chain

Question 40

Secondary structure of protein

Answer 40

hydrogen bonding within the molecule

Question 41

Tertiary structure of protein

Answer 41

responsible for protein’s shape and how it functions

Question 42

Quaternary structure of the protein

Answer 42

proteins that consist of more than one polypeptide chain. hemoglobin, is quaternary because it has four polypeptide chains

Question 43

Nucleic Acids

Answer 43

DNA and RNA; carry hereditary information. Are polymers of nucleotides.

Question 44

Nucleotide

Answer 44

The base units of nucleic acids, each containing a sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases.

Question 45

Two important hydrogen bonding functions

Answer 45

1. Keeps the two strands of DNA bonded together, forming a double helix

Question 46

van der Waals

Answer 46

very weak attraction between nonpolar molecules. Example is CO? which is very linear and balanced