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Biology SAT > Biology Sat II Vocabulary > Flashcards

Biology Sat II Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Abscisic Acid

A

Plant hormone that conserves water

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2
Q

Accessory Pigments

A

Molecules that assist in photosynthesis by capturing photons and transferring them to chlorophyll a, including chlorophyll b and carotenoids.

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3
Q

Acoelomates

A

Animals with no coelom:

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4
Q

Pseudocoelomates

A

Animals with a false coelom:

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5
Q

Coelomates

A

Animals with a coelom:

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6
Q

Actin

A

Protein found in muscle and myofilaments

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7
Q

Active transport

A

Transport that requires energy because it moves substances across a concentration gradient

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8
Q

Adventitious roots

A

Roots that grow above ground:

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9
Q

Agnostic behavior

A

Aggressive behavior

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10
Q

Fermentation

A

Process by which pyruvate and NADH are converted into CO?, NAD, and 2 ADP in the absence of O?

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11
Q

Allantois

A

Transfers respiratory gasses to the embryo in an egg

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12
Q

Allele

A

A form of a gene

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13
Q

Alviolus

A

Microscopic sites of diffusion of respiratory gasses in the lung

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14
Q

Amnion

A

Sac holding the protective amniotic fluid around an embryo in an egg

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15
Q

Amylase

A

Digestive enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates

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16
Q

The Islets of Langerhans

A

Endocrine organ of the pancreas. Secretes insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels, and glucagon, which increases blood glucose levels.

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17
Q

Analogous structures

A

Structures with different evolutionary origins but the same function as a result of convergent evolution

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18
Q

Aneuploidy

A

A chromosomal abnormality with 1 (monosomy) or 3 (trisomy) instances of a chromosome. Trisomy 21 causes down syndrome.

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19
Q

Angiosperm

A

Flowering plant

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20
Q

Tracheophyte

A

Vascular plants, including seeded and non-seeded plants

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21
Q

Bryophyte

A

Nonvascular plants with no leaves, including mosses

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22
Q

Ferns

A

Non-seeded vascular plants that reproduce with spores

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23
Q

Anther

A

The pollen-producing part of the stamen (plant male reproductive organ)

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24
Q

Antheridia

A

Structure on gametophyte generation that produces sperm by mitosis. Very prominent in mosses, but hidden inside anther in vascular plants.

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25
Q

Saprophyte

A

Organism (esp. fungi) that lives on decaying matter

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26
Q

Saprobe

A

Organism (esp. fungi) that lives on decaying matter

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27
Q

Antibodies

A

Y-shaped molecule that bonds to an antigen and signals the third line of defense - replication and phagocytosis

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28
Q

Antigen

A

Something from outside the body that triggers a response by antibodies

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29
Q

Anticodons

A

A three-nucleotide sequence that pairs to a codon and is attached to an amino acid my a tRNA molecule

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30
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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31
Q

Archeopteryx

A

An intermediate fossil between reptiles and birds

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32
Q

Archegonia

A

Structure on gametophyte generation that produces egg by mitosis. Very prominent in mosses, but hidden inside anther in vascular plants.

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33
Q

Associative learning

A

A type of earning linking something to something else

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34
Q

ATP Synthase

A

Structure in the inner membrane of the mitochondria that produces ATP as H? flows through it

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35
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Unvoluntary part of the peripheral nervous system

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36
Q

Autosome

A

Non-sex chromosome

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37
Q

Autotroph

A

Makes chemical energy from light energy by photosynthesis

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38
Q

Auxin

A

Growth hormone in plants promoting apical dominance and phototropism

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39
Q

Protozoa

A

Animal-like protists

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40
Q

Backcross

A

Cross with aa to determine if an organism showing the dominant allele is homozygous or heterozygous - also testcross

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41
Q

Bicarbonate ion

A

Buffer in human blood made from CO? that keeps blood pH at 7.4

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42
Q

Bile

A

Emulsifier made by the liver and excreted by the gallbladder

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43
Q

ADD FUNCTIONS OF ORGANS

A

ADD FUNCTIONS OF ORGANS

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44
Q

Biomagnification

A

Organisms at higher trophic levels have greater concentrations of toxins

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45
Q

Biosphere

A

EARTH

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46
Q

Biotechnology

A

Branch of science combining bio and tech, including genetic engineering using recombinant DNA

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47
Q

Biotic potential

A

Maximum rate at which a population can increase under ideal conditions. Limited by life span, reproductive age, number reproductive periods, and number of offspring per reproductive period.

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48
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

A type of genetic drift in which a small non-selective group of individuals becomes separated from the larger population and forms a new species, which may or may not represent the original.

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49
Q

Buffers

A

Chemicals that resist a pH change

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50
Q

Budding

A

A new organism grows and splits off of an existing one - e.g. hydra, potatoes

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51
Q

C-4 Photosynthesis

A

Adaptation for dry environments

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52
Q

CAM (crassulation acid metabolism)

A

Adaptation of photosynthesis for dry environments to close stomates during day and open them at night

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53
Q

Calvin cycle

A

Process converting sugar to producing sugar in the stroma during the light-independent reactions

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54
Q

Cardiac/Pyloric sphincters

A

Smooth muscle at the top/bottom of the stomach

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55
Q

Carotenoids

A

Orange and yellow photosynthetic accessory pigments

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56
Q

Carpel

A

Female part of flower, including stigma, style, and ovary. Also called the pistil.

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57
Q

Carrying Capacity (K)

A

The maximum number of individuals capable of living in an area at the same time.

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58
Q

Cation/Anion

A

Positive/Negative Ion

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59
Q

Centrioles

A

ONLY animal cells. Responsible for the division of the cytoplasm, consisting of a 9 + 2 structure

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60
Q

Centromere

A

Connecting point of sister chromatids, place where spindle fibers attach in Metaphase

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61
Q

Centrosome

A

ONLY animal cells. Two centrioles at right angles, important in cell division

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62
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

The flow of protons through ATP synthase during oxydative phosphorylation in the inner membrane

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63
Q

Collenchyma cells

A

Thick single-walled plant cells - e.g. strings of celery

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64
Q

Colon

A

Large intestine - site of water absorption and vitamin production by gut bacteria

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65
Q

Commensalism

A

Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the is not affected

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66
Q

Community

A

All the organisms living in one geographical area

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67
Q

Chitin

A

Strong chain of glucose found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungi cell walls

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68
Q

Chorion

A

Membrane under egg shell allowing for the diffusion of respiratory gasses in and out of the shell

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69
Q

Chromatin network

A

DNA condenses into chromatins and is wrapped in histones

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70
Q

Chromoplasts

A

Plastid that stores pigment (carotenoids) and is responsible for the bright colors of fruits and flowers.

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71
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A type of associative learning in which an organism associates one this with another

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72
Q

Companion cells

A

Makes phloem with sieve tube elements

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73
Q

Conjugation

A

Bacteria exchange DNA plastids with each other

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74
Q

Continental drift

A

Theory stating that the continents were once Pangea

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75
Q

Contractile vacuole

A

Structure in freshwater protists that removes excess water

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76
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Evolution that causes two unrelated species to develop similar structures due to similar selective pressures

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77
Q

Cortex (plant)

A

Specialized region in root for storage and support - e.g. carrot

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78
Q

Cotyledon

A

Food for growing embryo in a dicot seed with triploid cells (3n)

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79
Q

Cristae

A

Series of inner membrane of mitochondria where cellular respiration occurs

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80
Q

Crop

A

Food storage area in annelids, insects, birds, etc.

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81
Q

Crossing-over

A

Homologous chromosomes exchange genes in prophase of meiosis I, leading to greater genetic variation

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82
Q

Cleavage

A

Rapid mitosis without growth after zygote formation and fertilization

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83
Q

Cnidocytes

A

Cniderians’ stingers

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84
Q

Codominance

A

Both traits are expressed like a black and white cookie - e.g. AB blood type

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85
Q

Codon

A

Thre-nucleotide sequence of mRNA

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86
Q

Coenzyme

A

Vitamins that aid enzymes

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87
Q

Cofactor

A

Minerals that aid enzymes

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88
Q

Cohesion tension

A

Molecules are attracted to themselves - e.g. water

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89
Q

Coevolution

A

Two interacting species evolve in response to each other - e.g. predator and prey

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90
Q

Cutin

A

Makes up the cuticle, the outer lauer ofplants that conserves water

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91
Q

Cyclosis

A

Movement of cytoplasm in cell

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92
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Autosomal recessive genetic mutation that causes water to build up in the lungs and digeative track

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93
Q

Cytocrome

A

Proteins that are involved in th ETCmitochondria and chloroplasts

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94
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Divisoon of cytoplasm in mitosis an meiosis. In animals, a cleaveage furrow forms, and in plants, a cell plate forms.

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95
Q

Cytokinins

A

Plant hrmones that stimulages cell division and cytokinesis

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96
Q

Cytosol

A

Semiliquid part of cytoplasm

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97
Q

Deletion

A

Part of a chromosome/nucleotide is lost

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98
Q

Denatured

A

Enzyme/protein unfolds a high temps or extreme pHs

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99
Q

Diastole

A

Blood is pumped from the atria to the ventricles (ventricles relax). Normal pressure is 80.

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100
Q

Assimilation

A

Proccess of converting nutrients into substances usable by the body

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101
Q

Dicotyledon

A

Division of angiosperms with two-sided seeds, a taproot, vascular bundles in ring, nonparallel veins, no endosperm, flowers in 4/5.

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102
Q

Dipeptide

A

Two amino acids liked by a peptide bond.

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103
Q

Epididymis

A

Tube connecting vas deferens to the testes

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104
Q

Directional seletion

A

Evolution gowards a particular phenotype because of changing environmental conditions

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105
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Evolution toward the extremes

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106
Q

Diversifying selection

A

Evolution toward the extremes

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107
Q

Divergent evolution

A

Section of a population undergoes speciation due to isolation

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108
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Replicates DNA

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109
Q

Duodenum

A

First 10 inches of small intestine where digestion is completed

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110
Q

Ecosystem

A

All biotic and abiotic factors in an area

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111
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outer layer of embryo that forns the skin and nervous system

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112
Q

Ectotherm

A

Cold Blooded- Fishies, amphibians, and reptiles

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113
Q

Egestion

A

Removal of metabolc waste

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114
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of metabplic waste

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115
Q

Endoderm

A

Inner layer of embryo that forms viscera

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116
Q

Endosperm

A

Food for monocot seeds that is triploid (3n)

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117
Q

Endotherm

A

Warm-blooded –Birds, Mammals

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118
Q

Eohippus

A

Transition fossil from ancient horse

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119
Q

Epicotyl

A

Part of seed that forms upper stem and leaves

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120
Q

Epiglottis

A

Cartilage in pharynx that closes pathway to the larynx so that food flows to asophagus

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121
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells that make 45% of blood and carry O2 in hemoglobin

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122
Q

Ethylene

A

Plant hormone that induces ripening

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123
Q

Eukaryotes over prokaryotes

A

Membrane-bound organelles –Linear Chromosomes, No Plastids, Cytoskeletal Elements like Microfilament 10-100um

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124
Q

Prokaryotes over eukaryotes

A

Only capsid, wall, membrane, chromosome, plastids, ribosomes. No Membrane-bound Organelles, One Circular Chromosomes, No plastids, No cytoskeletal Elements like microfilament 1-10um

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125
Q

Exocytosis

A

Release of substances from cell

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126
Q

Exon/Introns

A

Coding/noncoding portion of genes

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127
Q

Extremophile

A

Orgnisms that live in extreme environments. Thermophiles, Halophiles, Methanogens

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128
Q

Fallopian tube

A

Tube connective ovaries and uterus in which egg is fertilized. Also called oviduct.

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129
Q

Filament

A

Thread-like structure that holds up anther in stamen

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130
Q

Filtration

A

Blood filtered in glomerulus

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131
Q

Final trancript

A

Strand of mRNA sent to ribosomes after transcription - shorter than original transcript because introns are removed

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132
Q

Fission

A

Asexual replication by division, especially in bacteria and protists

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133
Q

Fixed action pattern

A

Innate, stereotypical behaviors that, once initiated, are always completed. Initiated by sign stimuli.

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134
Q

Founder effect

A

Form of genetic drift in which a section of a population, which may or may not represent the original population, breaks off to colonize a new area.

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135
Q

Fragmentation

A

Asexual reproduction in which an original organism breaks into multiple parts that regenerate into full new organisms. Reproduction in sponges, planaria, sea stars.

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136
Q

G3P (Glyceradehyde-3-phosphate)

A

Sugar produced at the end of the Calvin cycle

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137
Q

Gametanglia

A

Protective jacket of cells protecting gametes and zygotes in primitive plants

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138
Q

PGAL

A

Sugar produced at the end of the Calvin cycle

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139
Q

Gamephyte

A

The haploid generation that produces gametes by mitosis

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140
Q

Gastrin

A

Digestive hormone that tells the stomach to secrete gastric juice and acid

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141
Q

Gastrovascular cavity

A

Primitive digestive cavity in cnideria. Also gastrocoel

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142
Q

Gastrulation

A

Differentiation of the three cell layers in human development to go from a blastula to a gastrula

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143
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

Process by which substances are identified by the rate at which they move through an agarose gel in an electric field. Smaller pieces of DNA cut by restriction enzymes move faster through the gel.

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144
Q

Gene flow

A

Movement of alleles in or out of a population

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145
Q

Genetic drift

A

Change in gene pool due to chance. Bottleneck and founder effect are examples.

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146
Q

Gibberellins

A

Plant hormones that promote stem and leaf elongation

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147
Q

Gizzard

A

Structure in annelids, arthropodes, and birds in which mechanical digestion of food occurs

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148
Q

Global warming

A

Warming of the globe caused by greenhouse effect of CO?

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149
Q

Glucagon

A

Hormone released by the pancreas that increases blood glucose levels (I think by targeting the liver to break down blood but maybe also the whole body have to check that)

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150
Q

Glycerol

A

Three-glucose top of a triglyceride

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151
Q

Glycolysis

A

Anaerbic breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid (3C) that costs 2 ATP and releases 4 ATP, with a net gain of 2 ATP

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152
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Packaging and transport of proteins from ribosomes throughout the cell

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153
Q

Gradualism

A

Disproved theory of evolution stating that speciation occurred slowly over time

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154
Q

Grana

A

Stacks of thylacoid membranes in the chloroplasts

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155
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

CO? and water vapor in the atmosphere absorbs the infrared radiation reflected off the Earth, increasing temperatures

156
Q

Junk

A

Noncoding regions of DNA

157
Q

Gross primary preductivity

A

Chemical energy produced by all producers in an ecosystem per unit time

158
Q

Net primary productivity

A

Chemical energy produced by photosynthesis minus the energy used by respiration by the producers in an ecosystem per unit time

159
Q

Guard cells

A

Epithelial cells that open and close the stomates and can perform photosynthesis

160
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Coniferous plants with vascular tissue, seeds, but not flowers

161
Q

Habituation

A

Behavior in which an organism learns to ignore a persistent stimulus

162
Q

Halophiles

A

Organisms which can survive in extremely salty environments - archeans

163
Q

Half-life

A

Amount of time it takes of a radioactive isotope to decay to half its mass

164
Q

Heliobacter pylori

A

Bacteria that causes ulcer

165
Q

Hemocoels

A

Blood-filled cavities surrounding organs in arthropods - also sinuses

166
Q

Spiracles

A

Small holes in exoskeleton of arthropod for gas to enter the body, go through tracheal tubes, and diffuse into the blood.

167
Q

Hemophilia

A

Sex-lined recessive gene that makes it difficult to clot blood

168
Q

Hermaphrodites

A

Organisms with male and female sex organs - e.g. earthworms

169
Q

Heterotroph hypothesis

A

Theory that organisms developed as anaerobic heterotrophic prokaryotes`

170
Q

Heterotroph

A

Animals that obtain their food from the environment (not the sun)

171
Q

Heterozygous hybrid

172
Q

Histamine

A

Triggers vasodilation, the enlargement of blood vessels, and inflammation - also responsible for the symptoms of the common cold

173
Q

Histones

A

Proteins that DNA wraps around, forming the chromatin network

174
Q

Homeotherm

A

Endother - warm blooded –Birds, mammals

175
Q

Homologous structures

A

Structures with tthe same evolutionary origins but different structures

176
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

Autosomal dominant disease of the nervous system that results in early death

177
Q

Hydrogen bonding

A

Intermolecular attraction of polar molecules

178
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Nonpolar, insoluble in water

179
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Polar or ionic, soluble in water

180
Q

Hypertonic

A

Greater concentration of solute (salt)

181
Q

Hypocotyl

A

Part of the embryo in a seed that becomes the lower stem and roots

182
Q

Hypotonic

A

Less concentration of solute (salt)

183
Q

Hyothalamus

A

Gland in brain that connects endocrine and nervous system - secretes tropic hormones to the pituitary

184
Q

Imprinting

A

Learning to recognize a mother shortly after birth

185
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Neither trait dominates - red and white make pink

186
Q

Ingestion

A

Intake of nutrients

187
Q

Initial transcript

A

Longer strand of mRNA with introns

188
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone released by the pancreas that decreases blood glucose levels by storing glycogen in the liver and increasing the rate of cellular respiration in the body’s cells

189
Q

Inversion

A

Point mutation in which two nucleotides are switched. Chromosomal mutation in which a fragment breaks off and reattaches itself backwards

190
Q

Insertion

A

Frame-shift mutation in which a nucleotide is inserted into a strand

191
Q

Irritability

A

Ability to respond to stimuli

192
Q

Isotonic

A

Solutions with equal concentration of solutes (salt), resulting in movement by diffusion but no change

193
Q

Karyotype

A

Laboratory procedure that analyses the size, shape, and number of all 46 chromosomes

194
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

First stage of the aerobic section of cellular respiration, in which acetyl-coA is broken down, CO? is released, 2 GTP is produced, and electron carriers NADH and FADH? are filled - also citric acid cycle

195
Q

Lacteal

A

Absorbs lipids into lymphatic system in microvilli

196
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

Fermentation in the body which results in the production of lactic acid, which builds up in the muscle and causes fatigue

197
Q

Law of Dominance

A

Some traits of a gene dominate over others

198
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

Genes on separate chromosomes are inherited seperately- best demonstrated by a dihybrid cross (9:3:3:1)

199
Q

Law of Segregation

A

A persons’ two alleles from their two parents separate during miosis I - best demonstrated by hybrid cross

200
Q

Leucoplast

A

Plastid stat stores starch - is a carrot an example or is that just a root

201
Q

Leukocyte

A

White blood cell, including phagocytes, lymphocytes (B and T), and others

202
Q

Light-dependent reactions

A

Reactions that occur in the thylacoid membrane of the chloroplast and split light into two, releasing O?, filling NADPH, and producing ATP

203
Q

Light-independent reactions

A

Reactions that occur in the stroma, requires only the products of the light-dependent reactions, and produces PGAL/G3P

204
Q

Limiting factors

A

Factors that limit the growth of a population growth in an area - divided into density-dependent and density-independent

205
Q

Locomotion

A

Movement - can be done by muscles, pseudopods, flagella, cilia

206
Q

Lysosome

A

Structure in animal cells that performs intracellular digestion with hydrolitic enzymes

207
Q

Macroevolution

A

Speciation

208
Q

Microevolution

A

Change in the gene pool of a population

209
Q

Malpighian tubules

A

Tubes in arthropods that excrete substances (e.g. uric acid) from the digestive tract

210
Q

Malthus

A

Proposed that populations outgrow their food supply

211
Q

Medusa

A

Upside down bowl shaped body type (jellyfish)

212
Q

Metapause

A

Cessation of the menstrual cycle

213
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle tissue layer in embryos that develops into the bones, muscles, and blood

214
Q

Mesoglea

A

Glue that holds together the two body layers of two-layered animals - e.g. cnideria, platyhelminthese

215
Q

mRNA

A

RNA transcribed from DNA that travels form the nucleus to the ribosomes

216
Q

Methanogen

A

Extremophile (archean) that produce methane from hydrogen

217
Q

Microfilaments

A

Supports cell shape, forms cleavage furrow in animal cells, helps amoeba move with pseudopods, made of actin

218
Q

Microtubules

A

Thick hollow tubes that make up the cilia, flagella, and spindle fibers

219
Q

Middle lamela

A

Layer of tissue between the cell walls of two adjacent plant cells

220
Q

Monocotyledon

A

Division of angiosperms with seeds that do not break into two parts, fibrous roots (no taproot), scattered vascular bundles, parallel veins, endosperm, flowers in 3 - e.g. corn

221
Q

Monohybrid cross

222
Q

Monotremes

A

Egg-laying mammals which derive nutrient from a celled egg. e.g spiny anteaters , duck-billed platapus

223
Q

Multiple alleles

A

More than 2 allele forms of a gene – e.g. blood type - A, B, O

224
Q

Mutation

A

Change in a gene or chromosome

225
Q

Mutualism

A

A symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit e.g. gut bacteria

226
Q

Mycorrhiza

A

Symbiotic structures consisting of the plants roots and the hyphae (filaments) of a fungus, which increase the quantity of nutrients and water the plant can absorb.

227
Q

Myosin

A

Myofilaments that make up the sarcomeres of skeletal muscles with actin

228
Q

NAD/FAD

A

Coenzyme that shuttles electrons and protons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to the ETC

229
Q

Nephridia

A

Structures in annelids for the excretion of nitrogenous waste in the form of urea

230
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Homologous chromosomes do not separate correctly during anaphase of meisis I

231
Q

Notochord

A

Rod that extends the length of the body, serving as a flexible axis - characteristic of chordates

232
Q

Nucleolus

A

Structure inside the nucleus that produces rRNA, or ribosomes

233
Q

Objective lens

A

Lens on a light microscope closest to the stage, that can be switched for varying degrees of magnification

234
Q

Occular lens

A

Lens on top of magnifying class that has a fixed magnification, usually 10X

235
Q

Oogenesis

A

Production of an ovum and two polar bodies from an oogonium/oocyte by meiosis

236
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learning by trial and error / punishment and reward

237
Q

Organogenesis

A

Formation of organs from the 3 embryonic germ layers

238
Q

Origins of replication

A

Special sites where replication begins in eukaryotic cells

239
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water across a membrane

240
Q

Oviduct

A

Tube connective ovaries and uterus in which egg is fertilized. Also called the Fallopian tube

241
Q

Ovule

A

The structure within the ovary in which the ova develop and becomes the seed

242
Q

Oxidation

A

Removal of electrons

243
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons

244
Q

Oxydative phosphorylation

A

Proccess producing about 30 ATP during cellular respiration in the inner membrane of the mitochondria Also the electron transport chain.

245
Q

Oxytoxin

A

Hormone from the posterior pituitary that stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth and the formation of breastmilk

246
Q

Pangaea

A

Supercontinent of all land

247
Q

Parallel evolution

A

Two closely related species evolve similar traits under similar environmental pressures

248
Q

Parasitism

A

Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and one is harmed

249
Q

Parenchymal cells

A

Traditional plant cells with a thin primary cell was

250
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Development of an egg without fertilization to form haploid child by mitosis

251
Q

Pathogen

A

Organism that causes

252
Q

Pedigree

A

Family tree indicating the phenotype of one train

253
Q

Petidases

A

Enzymes that break down proteins

254
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Engulfing food into a vacuole - a form of enocytosis

255
Q

Pharynx

A

Where the digestive and respiratory tracks meet in the throat

256
Q

PKU (Phenylketonuria)

A

Autosomal recessive trait in which one cannot break down phenolthalein, which will harm their brain

257
Q

Photolysis

A

Splitting of H?O in chlorophyll a to replenish the lost electrons of the ETC, fill NADPH, and release O?

258
Q

Photosynthetic pigments

A

Chemicals that absorb light energy and use it to perform photosynthesis, including chrolophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids, and phycombilins

259
Q

Phycombilins

A

Photosynthetic pigments, found most often in cyanobacteria and red algae

260
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cells take up large dissolved molecules by ‘cell drinking,’ a form of endocytosis

261
Q

Pioneer organism

A

First organisms to colonize a barren environment in primary ecological succession, such as lichens, a combination of fungi and algae

262
Q

Pistil

A

Female part of flower, including stigma, style, and ovary. Also called the carpel.

263
Q

Pith

A

Tissue in the stems of vascular plants —–[Specialized region in the plant root for storage] - What Barrons says that may not be correct

264
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid portion of blood containing gasses, proteins, hormones, water, etc.

265
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Openings in cell walls in plants for transport

266
Q

Plasmolysis

A

Cell shrinking when cell is in a hypertonic environment

267
Q

Plastids

A

Organelles found only in plant cells

268
Q

Polarized

A

Condition of an axon at rest (-70mV) - also resting potential

269
Q

Polygenic

A

More than two alleles contribute to the expressed phenotype. e.g. hair color

270
Q

Polymerse Chain Reaction (PCR)

A

A fragment of DNA is replicated many times and studied

271
Q

Polymers

A

Molecules that are chains of repeating smaller molecules

272
Q

Polyp

A

Vase-shaped body - e.g. cnideria

273
Q

Polyploid

A

An organism with extra sets of chromosomes (3n, 4n…) - common in plants

274
Q

Population

A

Group of individuals of the same species in a single area

275
Q

Primary Growth

A

Vertical growth in a plant from apical meristem

276
Q

Prions

A

Misfolded proteins - e.g. cause Mad Cow Disease

277
Q

Prostate gland

A

Large gland that secretes semen into the urethra

278
Q

Pseudopods

A

Extensions of the cell - how amoebas and white blood cells move

279
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

Theory that replace gradualism, proposing that speciation occurs suddenly after long periods of stasis

280
Q

Purines

A

Adenine and guanine – Double ring

281
Q

Puberty

A

Onset of sperm production in males and menstrual cycle in females

282
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Thymine, cytosine, and uracil – Single ring

283
Q

Radioisotope

A

Radioactive isotopes – Iodine 131 is used to detect diseases of the thyroid

284
Q

Reabsorbtion

A

Water and nutrients are reabsorbed from the nephron of the kidney into blood capillaries

285
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Endocytosis of specific substances recognized by a specific receptor on the ecell

286
Q

Recognition sequences

A

Places at which restriction enzymes cut DNA

287
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

Technique of combining fragments of DNA into a single strand - genetic engineering

288
Q

Redox

A

Combination of reduction and oxydation reactions

289
Q

Reductive division

A

Another name for Meisis I, where homologous pairs cross over and separate

290
Q

Releaser

A

Sign stimuli exchanged between members of the same species

291
Q

Replication bubbles

A

Sections of DNA where the strands separate in order to speed up the process of replication

292
Q

Replication fork

A

Y-shaped region where the new strands of DNA are elongating during DNA replication

293
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Metabolic process with the main purpose of creating ATP

294
Q

Restriction enzymes

A

Cut DNA at specific recognition sequences or sites, such as GAATTC - extracted from bacteria

295
Q

Restriction fragments

A

Fragments that result from DNA cur by restriction enzymes

296
Q

Rhyizobium

A

Symbiotic bacteria that live on the root nodules of legumes that fix bacteria into ammonia

297
Q

Nitrifying bacteria

A

Convert ammonia from nitrogen fixing bacteria into nitrates (NO??)

298
Q

Nitrogen fixing bacteria

A

Convert atmospheric nitrogen (N?) from the air into ammonia (NH??)

299
Q

Denitrifying bacteria

A

Convert nitrates (NO??) into atmospheric nitrogen (N?)

300
Q

rRNA

A

Structural rRNA synthesized in nucleolus that make up the ribosome

301
Q

Ribosome

A

Structure in cell where proteins are synthesized (translation)

302
Q

RNA Processing

A

Occurs in the nucleus before the newly formed mRNA is sent to the ribosome

303
Q

Saprobes

A

Organisms that obtain nutrients from dead organic matter

304
Q

Sclerenchyma cells

A

Thick, double-walled cells fortified with lignin whose only purpose is support

305
Q

Apoplast

A

Network of cell walls and spaces in a plant body that allows for the extracellular movement of water.

306
Q

Symplast

A

Continuous system of cytoplasm connected by plasmodesmata, openings in plants’ cell walls

307
Q

Lateral movement

A

Movement of water and nutrients in a plant through the apoplast and symplast

308
Q

Scrotom

A

Sac holding and cooling the testes

309
Q

Secondary growth

A

Lateral growth of a plant

310
Q

Secretin

A

Digestive hormone stimulating the pancreas to release bicarbonate to neutralize the acid in the duodenum

311
Q

Secretion

A

Process in the tubule of the nephron in which substances that were not filtered in the Bowman’s capsule are released

312
Q

Semiconservative replication

A

The theory that the two DNA strands separate and then individually replicate

313
Q

Sepals

A

Outermost circle of green leaves around a flower that protect the bud

314
Q

Serum

A

Plasma with no clotting factors

315
Q

Sessile

316
Q

Sex-influenced trait

A

Inheritance is influenced by the sex of the individual

317
Q

Sex-linked trait

A

Trait carried on the X chromosome

318
Q

Sieve tube elements

A

Make up phloem along with transport vessels

319
Q

Sign stimuli

A

Stimulate fixed action patterns - called releasers when from a member of the same species

320
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

The pacemaker of the heart

321
Q

Sinuses

A

Cavities in the body for the exchange of fluid - also hemocoels in arthropods

322
Q

Sister chromatids

A

Exact copies of one another, but still the same chromosome

323
Q

Spliceosome

A

Special molecules that assist in the removal of introns in RNA processing

324
Q

Sodium-potasium pump

A

Molecule that pumps NA? outside the cell and K? inside the cell to return it to a polarized state

325
Q

Solute

A

Substance dissolved in the solvent

326
Q

Solvent

A

Substance the solute is dissolved into

327
Q

Somatic cells

A

Body cells (non-sex)

328
Q

Species

A

Group of organisms that can reproduce to produce viable, fertile offpring

329
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Formation of 4 sperm cells from one spermatogonium by meiosis

330
Q

Spindle fibers

A

Attach to the centromeres of chromatids in mitosis and meiosis - made of microtubules

331
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

Theory that life emerged from nothing - disproved by Redi and Pasteur

332
Q

Sporophyte

A

Diploid (2n) generation of a plant that is dominant in vascular plants

333
Q

Sporopollenin

A

Tough polymer that protects spores, pollen, and plants in a harsh environment

334
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Selection towards intermediate organisms away from the extremes

335
Q

Stamen

A

Male part of a flower composed of filament and anther

336
Q

Stele

A

Vascular cylinder in a plant root - much smaller in dicots than monocots

337
Q

Stomates

A

Openings in the leaves of plants for gas exchange (H?O, O?, CO?)

338
Q

Stroma

A

Part of chloroplast holding the grana where light independent reactions take place

339
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

Process by which ATP is produced in glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle - opposite of oxidative phosphorylation

340
Q

Synapsis

A

Process by which homologous chromosomes par up in prophase I of Meiosis

341
Q

Synapse

A

Gap between neurons in which neurotransmitters are released by vesicles and bind to receptors on the dendrites of the next neuron

342
Q

Systole

A

Contractions of the ventricles, moving blood through the semilunar valves

343
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Valves that connect the ventricles to arteries - aortic on the left and pulmonary on the right

344
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

Valve preventing backflow into the left atrium — Also mitral valve or left atrioventricular valve

345
Q

Mitral valve

A

Valve preventing backflow into the left atrium — Also bicuspid valve or left atrioventricular valve

346
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Valve preventing backflow into the right atrium — Also right atrioventricular valve

347
Q

Taproot

A

Single, large root in dicots - e.g. carrot

348
Q

Taxon

A

Level of organization of organisms: DKPCOFGS

349
Q

Taxonomy

A

Science of classification

350
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

Autosomal recessive trait causing an inability to break down lipids needed for the brain

351
Q

Telomeres

A

Nonsense regions at the end of chromosomes repeated thousands of times

352
Q

Testcross

A

Cross with aa to determine if an organism showing the dominant allele is homozygous or heterozygous - also backcross

353
Q

Testes

A

Male gonads that produce sperm and testosterone

354
Q

Theory of endosymbiosis

A

Theory that eukaryotes developed from smaller prokaryotes living inside bigger prokaryotes

355
Q

Thermophiles

A

Organisms that live in extremely hot environments - archeans

356
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Cell fragments that clot blood - also platelets

357
Q

Thylacoids

A

Membranes in the grana of chloroplasts where the light-dependent reactions occur

358
Q

Tracer

A

Radioactive isotope used to track a substance

359
Q

Tracheid

A

Cells that make up xylem along with vessel elements

360
Q

Transcription

A

Process that produces mRNA from DNA in the nucleus

361
Q

Translation

A

Process that produces proteins from mRNA in the ribosome

362
Q

tRNA

A

Carries amino acids to the ribosome and assembles proteins by matching codons with anticodons

363
Q

Transformation

A

Bacteria pick up plasmids from their environment

364
Q

Translocation

A

A fragment of a chromosome is attached to a non-homologous chromosome - error in anaphase I of meiosis

365
Q

Transpiration

A

Loss of water from the stomates of plant leaves

366
Q

Transpiration-pull cohesion tension

A

Tension that pulls water molecules up the xylem without using energy

367
Q

Trichomes

A

Tiny, spikelike projections on some leaves for protection

368
Q

Triploblastic

A

Animal with three cell layers - all animals more complex than platyhelminthese

369
Q

Trisomy

A

Three copies of a single chromosome - trisomy 21 causes down syndrome

370
Q

Tropic hormones

A

Hormones that stimulate other glands to release hormones

371
Q

Tropism

A

Growth of a plant toward or away from a stimulus - e.g. geotropism, thigmotropism, phototropism

372
Q

Turgor pressure

A

Pressure exerted on cell wall when plant cell swells

373
Q

Ultracentrifuge

A

Machine that separates substances (often organelles) by spinning at high speeds

374
Q

Urethra

A

Tube that carries semen and urine in males and urine in females

375
Q

Uterus

A

Where the blastula implants and develops after fertilization in the oviduct

376
Q

Vacuoles

A

Large organelles for the function of storage found mostly in plant cells

377
Q

Vas deferens

A

Duct carrying sperm from testes

378
Q

Vegetative propogation

A

Asexual reproduction in a plant - e.g. grafting, cutting, bulbs, runners

379
Q

Vesicles

A

Small vacuoles - e.g. store neurotransmitters in neurons

380
Q

Vsssel elements

A

Make up xylem along with tracheids

381
Q

Vestigal structures

A

Unused structures that remain from an ancestor - e.g. appendix, vestigial tail

382
Q

Villus

A

Tiny projections that increase surface area in the small intestine and absorb nutrients into capillaries (and lipids into lacteals)

383
Q

Wave of depolarization

A

Condition of an axon during an action potential in which the NA? rushes into the cell, making it more positive

384
Q

Xylem

A

Vessels in plants that transport water without energy loss and are made of tracheids and vessel elements

385
Q

Yolk sac

A

Membrane enclosing and providing food for an embryo in an egg

Biology SAT (14 decks)

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