Biology Sat II Vocabulary Flashcards
Abscisic Acid
Plant hormone that conserves water
Accessory Pigments
Molecules that assist in photosynthesis by capturing photons and transferring them to chlorophyll a, including chlorophyll b and carotenoids.
Acoelomates
Animals with no coelom:
Pseudocoelomates
Animals with a false coelom:
Coelomates
Animals with a coelom:
Actin
Protein found in muscle and myofilaments
Active transport
Transport that requires energy because it moves substances across a concentration gradient
Adventitious roots
Roots that grow above ground:
Agnostic behavior
Aggressive behavior
Fermentation
Process by which pyruvate and NADH are converted into CO?, NAD, and 2 ADP in the absence of O?
Allantois
Transfers respiratory gasses to the embryo in an egg
Allele
A form of a gene
Alviolus
Microscopic sites of diffusion of respiratory gasses in the lung
Amnion
Sac holding the protective amniotic fluid around an embryo in an egg
Amylase
Digestive enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates
The Islets of Langerhans
Endocrine organ of the pancreas. Secretes insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels, and glucagon, which increases blood glucose levels.
Analogous structures
Structures with different evolutionary origins but the same function as a result of convergent evolution
Aneuploidy
A chromosomal abnormality with 1 (monosomy) or 3 (trisomy) instances of a chromosome. Trisomy 21 causes down syndrome.
Angiosperm
Flowering plant
Tracheophyte
Vascular plants, including seeded and non-seeded plants
Bryophyte
Nonvascular plants with no leaves, including mosses
Ferns
Non-seeded vascular plants that reproduce with spores
Anther
The pollen-producing part of the stamen (plant male reproductive organ)
Antheridia
Structure on gametophyte generation that produces sperm by mitosis. Very prominent in mosses, but hidden inside anther in vascular plants.
Saprophyte
Organism (esp. fungi) that lives on decaying matter
Saprobe
Organism (esp. fungi) that lives on decaying matter
Antibodies
Y-shaped molecule that bonds to an antigen and signals the third line of defense - replication and phagocytosis
Antigen
Something from outside the body that triggers a response by antibodies
Anticodons
A three-nucleotide sequence that pairs to a codon and is attached to an amino acid my a tRNA molecule
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
Archeopteryx
An intermediate fossil between reptiles and birds
Archegonia
Structure on gametophyte generation that produces egg by mitosis. Very prominent in mosses, but hidden inside anther in vascular plants.
Associative learning
A type of earning linking something to something else
ATP Synthase
Structure in the inner membrane of the mitochondria that produces ATP as H? flows through it
Autonomic nervous system
Unvoluntary part of the peripheral nervous system
Autosome
Non-sex chromosome
Autotroph
Makes chemical energy from light energy by photosynthesis
Auxin
Growth hormone in plants promoting apical dominance and phototropism
Protozoa
Animal-like protists
Backcross
Cross with aa to determine if an organism showing the dominant allele is homozygous or heterozygous - also testcross
Bicarbonate ion
Buffer in human blood made from CO? that keeps blood pH at 7.4
Bile
Emulsifier made by the liver and excreted by the gallbladder
ADD FUNCTIONS OF ORGANS
ADD FUNCTIONS OF ORGANS
Biomagnification
Organisms at higher trophic levels have greater concentrations of toxins
Biosphere
EARTH
Biotechnology
Branch of science combining bio and tech, including genetic engineering using recombinant DNA
Biotic potential
Maximum rate at which a population can increase under ideal conditions. Limited by life span, reproductive age, number reproductive periods, and number of offspring per reproductive period.
Bottleneck effect
A type of genetic drift in which a small non-selective group of individuals becomes separated from the larger population and forms a new species, which may or may not represent the original.
Buffers
Chemicals that resist a pH change
Budding
A new organism grows and splits off of an existing one - e.g. hydra, potatoes
C-4 Photosynthesis
Adaptation for dry environments
CAM (crassulation acid metabolism)
Adaptation of photosynthesis for dry environments to close stomates during day and open them at night
Calvin cycle
Process converting sugar to producing sugar in the stroma during the light-independent reactions
Cardiac/Pyloric sphincters
Smooth muscle at the top/bottom of the stomach
Carotenoids
Orange and yellow photosynthetic accessory pigments
Carpel
Female part of flower, including stigma, style, and ovary. Also called the pistil.
Carrying Capacity (K)
The maximum number of individuals capable of living in an area at the same time.
Cation/Anion
Positive/Negative Ion
Centrioles
ONLY animal cells. Responsible for the division of the cytoplasm, consisting of a 9 + 2 structure
Centromere
Connecting point of sister chromatids, place where spindle fibers attach in Metaphase
Centrosome
ONLY animal cells. Two centrioles at right angles, important in cell division
Chemiosmosis
The flow of protons through ATP synthase during oxydative phosphorylation in the inner membrane
Collenchyma cells
Thick single-walled plant cells - e.g. strings of celery
Colon
Large intestine - site of water absorption and vitamin production by gut bacteria
Commensalism
Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the is not affected
Community
All the organisms living in one geographical area
Chitin
Strong chain of glucose found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungi cell walls
Chorion
Membrane under egg shell allowing for the diffusion of respiratory gasses in and out of the shell
Chromatin network
DNA condenses into chromatins and is wrapped in histones
Chromoplasts
Plastid that stores pigment (carotenoids) and is responsible for the bright colors of fruits and flowers.
Classical conditioning
A type of associative learning in which an organism associates one this with another
Companion cells
Makes phloem with sieve tube elements
Conjugation
Bacteria exchange DNA plastids with each other
Continental drift
Theory stating that the continents were once Pangea
Contractile vacuole
Structure in freshwater protists that removes excess water
Convergent evolution
Evolution that causes two unrelated species to develop similar structures due to similar selective pressures
Cortex (plant)
Specialized region in root for storage and support - e.g. carrot
Cotyledon
Food for growing embryo in a dicot seed with triploid cells (3n)
Cristae
Series of inner membrane of mitochondria where cellular respiration occurs
Crop
Food storage area in annelids, insects, birds, etc.
Crossing-over
Homologous chromosomes exchange genes in prophase of meiosis I, leading to greater genetic variation
Cleavage
Rapid mitosis without growth after zygote formation and fertilization
Cnidocytes
Cniderians’ stingers
Codominance
Both traits are expressed like a black and white cookie - e.g. AB blood type
Codon
Thre-nucleotide sequence of mRNA
Coenzyme
Vitamins that aid enzymes
Cofactor
Minerals that aid enzymes
Cohesion tension
Molecules are attracted to themselves - e.g. water
Coevolution
Two interacting species evolve in response to each other - e.g. predator and prey
Cutin
Makes up the cuticle, the outer lauer ofplants that conserves water
Cyclosis
Movement of cytoplasm in cell
Cystic fibrosis
Autosomal recessive genetic mutation that causes water to build up in the lungs and digeative track
Cytocrome
Proteins that are involved in th ETCmitochondria and chloroplasts
Cytokinesis
Divisoon of cytoplasm in mitosis an meiosis. In animals, a cleaveage furrow forms, and in plants, a cell plate forms.
Cytokinins
Plant hrmones that stimulages cell division and cytokinesis
Cytosol
Semiliquid part of cytoplasm
Deletion
Part of a chromosome/nucleotide is lost
Denatured
Enzyme/protein unfolds a high temps or extreme pHs
Diastole
Blood is pumped from the atria to the ventricles (ventricles relax). Normal pressure is 80.
Assimilation
Proccess of converting nutrients into substances usable by the body
Dicotyledon
Division of angiosperms with two-sided seeds, a taproot, vascular bundles in ring, nonparallel veins, no endosperm, flowers in 4/5.
Dipeptide
Two amino acids liked by a peptide bond.
Epididymis
Tube connecting vas deferens to the testes
Directional seletion
Evolution gowards a particular phenotype because of changing environmental conditions
Disruptive selection
Evolution toward the extremes
Diversifying selection
Evolution toward the extremes
Divergent evolution
Section of a population undergoes speciation due to isolation
DNA Polymerase
Replicates DNA
Duodenum
First 10 inches of small intestine where digestion is completed
Ecosystem
All biotic and abiotic factors in an area
Ectoderm
Outer layer of embryo that forns the skin and nervous system
Ectotherm
Cold Blooded- Fishies, amphibians, and reptiles
Egestion
Removal of metabolc waste
Excretion
Removal of metabplic waste
Endoderm
Inner layer of embryo that forms viscera
Endosperm
Food for monocot seeds that is triploid (3n)
Endotherm
Warm-blooded –Birds, Mammals
Eohippus
Transition fossil from ancient horse
Epicotyl
Part of seed that forms upper stem and leaves
Epiglottis
Cartilage in pharynx that closes pathway to the larynx so that food flows to asophagus
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells that make 45% of blood and carry O2 in hemoglobin
Ethylene
Plant hormone that induces ripening
Eukaryotes over prokaryotes
Membrane-bound organelles –Linear Chromosomes, No Plastids, Cytoskeletal Elements like Microfilament 10-100um
Prokaryotes over eukaryotes
Only capsid, wall, membrane, chromosome, plastids, ribosomes. No Membrane-bound Organelles, One Circular Chromosomes, No plastids, No cytoskeletal Elements like microfilament 1-10um
Exocytosis
Release of substances from cell
Exon/Introns
Coding/noncoding portion of genes
Extremophile
Orgnisms that live in extreme environments. Thermophiles, Halophiles, Methanogens
Fallopian tube
Tube connective ovaries and uterus in which egg is fertilized. Also called oviduct.
Filament
Thread-like structure that holds up anther in stamen
Filtration
Blood filtered in glomerulus
Final trancript
Strand of mRNA sent to ribosomes after transcription - shorter than original transcript because introns are removed
Fission
Asexual replication by division, especially in bacteria and protists
Fixed action pattern
Innate, stereotypical behaviors that, once initiated, are always completed. Initiated by sign stimuli.
Founder effect
Form of genetic drift in which a section of a population, which may or may not represent the original population, breaks off to colonize a new area.
Fragmentation
Asexual reproduction in which an original organism breaks into multiple parts that regenerate into full new organisms. Reproduction in sponges, planaria, sea stars.
G3P (Glyceradehyde-3-phosphate)
Sugar produced at the end of the Calvin cycle
Gametanglia
Protective jacket of cells protecting gametes and zygotes in primitive plants
PGAL
Sugar produced at the end of the Calvin cycle
Gamephyte
The haploid generation that produces gametes by mitosis
Gastrin
Digestive hormone that tells the stomach to secrete gastric juice and acid
Gastrovascular cavity
Primitive digestive cavity in cnideria. Also gastrocoel
Gastrulation
Differentiation of the three cell layers in human development to go from a blastula to a gastrula
Gel electrophoresis
Process by which substances are identified by the rate at which they move through an agarose gel in an electric field. Smaller pieces of DNA cut by restriction enzymes move faster through the gel.
Gene flow
Movement of alleles in or out of a population
Genetic drift
Change in gene pool due to chance. Bottleneck and founder effect are examples.
Gibberellins
Plant hormones that promote stem and leaf elongation
Gizzard
Structure in annelids, arthropodes, and birds in which mechanical digestion of food occurs
Global warming
Warming of the globe caused by greenhouse effect of CO?
Glucagon
Hormone released by the pancreas that increases blood glucose levels (I think by targeting the liver to break down blood but maybe also the whole body have to check that)
Glycerol
Three-glucose top of a triglyceride
Glycolysis
Anaerbic breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid (3C) that costs 2 ATP and releases 4 ATP, with a net gain of 2 ATP
Golgi apparatus
Packaging and transport of proteins from ribosomes throughout the cell
Gradualism
Disproved theory of evolution stating that speciation occurred slowly over time
Grana
Stacks of thylacoid membranes in the chloroplasts