SAT cor 008 Flashcards
naturally occurring events that directly or indirectly impact the geology on the Earth.
GEOLOGICAL PROCESS
process of transporting the weathered material
EROSION
agents of erosion
WATER, WAVES, WIND, GRAVITY AND GLACIERS
occurs when particles are incorporated into the glacial ice through a process
GLACIAL EROSION
often broken into 3 distinct categories
FLUVIAL (WATER) EROSION
3 distinct categories
RAIN SPLASH, SHEET EROSION, RILL EROSION
when the impact of rain drops loosens and mobilizes particles.
RAIN SPLASH
process where particles loosened by rain-splash erosion are transported by runoff water down the slope of a surface.
SHEET EROSION
occurs when water concentrate during sheet erosion and erodes small rills into the surface that channel flow down slope.
RILL EROSION
the removal of soil along drainage lines by surface water runoff
GULLY EROSION
the movement or transport of particles through the air or along the ground
DEFLATION
process that occurs when wind-transported particles sculpt features in the landscape through a “sand-blasting” like process
ABRASION
refers to the erosion of a consolidated mass of materials that erode or maove as a single unit.
COHERENT
refers to the erosion or movement of a mass of unconsolidated individual fragments of materials
INCOHERENT
can be coherent or incoherent
GRAVITY RELATED EROSION
the exogenic process that happens after erosion. This process adds sediments, soil and rocks to a landform or land mass
DEOSITION
Material Deposited in a new spot
DEPOSITION
Wind, Rain, and Freezing break up rock
WEATHERING
moving broken material
EROSION
process of breaking rocks into smaller pieces overtime is called
WEATHERING
movement of rock particles from one place to a new location by ice, water, wind, and gravity
EROSION
dropping off and layering of sediments in the new location
DEPOSITION
process where particles loosened by rain-splash erosion are transported by runoff water down the slope of a surface
SHEET EROSION/SLOPE SPLASH
Wind, Water, Ice (breaks it)
WEATHERING
Wind, Water, Ice, and Gravity (takes it)
EROSION
New Island (drops it)
DEPOSITION
a German meteorologists and geophysicist, presented the continental Drift hypothesis
ALFRED WEGENER
What is Continental Drift Theory?
the movement of tectonic plates, which drift apart from the land
how many years PANGEA broke into two new continents?
About 200 million years ago
“fit together” like puzzles pices.
CONTINENTS
have been discovered in matching coastlines on different continents.
FOSSIL FUELS
some mountain ranges on different continents seem to match.
MOUNTAINS
glaciers in areas that are now close to the Equator
CLIMATIC EVIDENCE
Glaciers covered parts of Africa, Australia, South America, India and Antarctica about 230 million years ago.
TRUE
Glossopteris is type of plant fossil found on a number of continents.
TRUE
Wegener’s evidences were readily accepted by the scientific community.
FALSE
North America and South America are two best examples of different continental position in the past.
FALSE
Scientist rejected Wegener’s hypothesis of the continental drift because he failed to explain how or why earth’s continents move.
TRUE
the steep gradient that leads to the deep-ocean floor and marks the seaward edge the continental shelf
CONTINENTAL SLOPE
very level area of the deep-ocean floor, usually lying at the foot at the continental rise.
ABYSSAL PLAIN
found near the center of most ocean basin basins and it is an interconnected system of underwater mountains that have developed on newly formed ocean crust
MID-OCEAN RIDGE
the zone of transition between a cotinental and the adjacent ocean basin floor
CONTINENTAL MARGIN
it forms at the sites of plate convergence where one moving plate descends beneath and plunges back into the mantle
DEEP OCEAN TRENCHES
stated that the Earth’s lithosphere is made up of individual plates that are broken down into over a dozen large and small pieces of solid rock called slab
PLATE TECTONIC THEORIES
plates spread apart creating gap for the hot magma rise and cool
DIVERGENT BOUNDARY
plates collide (forming mountains) and destroyed as one crust dive beneath the other – the process called subduction
CONVERGENT BOUNDARY
plates side past each other and cause breaks (faults) in the lithosphere and causes earthquakes
TRANSFORM FAULT BOUNDARIES
-Convergent Boundary
-Divergent Boundary
Transform Boundary
THREE TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES
Deep-sea trenches, Volcanic Mountains, and Rift Valleys
CONVERGENT FORM
Volcanic Island, and Mid-ocean ridges
DIVERGENT FORM
Major earthquakes
TRANSFORM CAUSE
According to the plate tectonics theory, seafloor spreading takes place at a
DIVERGENT BOUNDARY
is not a characteristic of continent-ocean convergent plate boundary
ISLAND ARCS
The occurrence of Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a characteristic of a
OCEAN-OCEAN CONVERGENT PLATE
The presence of Himalayas mountain range in Southern Asia is a characteristic of a
CONTINENT-CONTINENT CONVERGENCE
in the past, the earth is consisted of a single supercontinent consisting of all Earth’s landmasses and began to break apart 200 million years ago and from the present landmasses.
Continental Drift Theories
According to this theory, the uppermost mantle and the overlying crust behave as a strong, rigid layer, which is broken into segments due to movements, collision and destruction
Plate Tectonics
What do Western aleutians, andes and Himalayas have in common?
they are formed by convergence plate
is not a divergent plate boundary
San Andreas Fault
Which layer of the Earth’s interior is liquid?
Oceanic Crust
Which layer produces the Earth’s magnetic field?
Inner Core
Which layer of the Earth’s interior has the lowest density?
Continental Crust
Which layer of the Earth’s interior has the highest density?
Inner Core
What keeps the inner core solid?
High Pressure
mechanism that operates along the oceanic ridge system to create a new seafloor
Seafloor Spreading
the undersea mountain chain whre new ocean floor is produced; a divergent plate boundary
Mid-Ocean Ridge
a device that determines the distance of an object under water by recording echoes of sound waves
SONAR
a deep valley along the ocean floor through whuch oceanic crust slowly sinks towards the mantle.
Deep ocean trenches
the process by which crust sinks through a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle; a convergent plate boundary.
SUBDUCTION
the zone of transition between a continent and the adjacent ocean basin floor.
CONTINENTAL MARGIN
is the gently sloping submerged surface extending from shoreline
CONTINENTAL SHELF
the teep gradient that leads to the deep ocean floor and marks the seaward edge of the continental shelf
CONTINENTAL SLOPE
the seaward extension of a valley that was cut on the continental shelf during a time when sea level was lower
SUBMARINE CANYON
the downslope movement od dense, sediment-laden water created when sand and mud on the continental shelf and slope are dislodged and thrown into suspension
TURBIDITY CURRENT
6.is the area of the deep-ocean floor between the continental margin and the oceanic ridge.
CONTINENTAL RISE
7.the area of the deep-ocean floor between the continental margin and the oceanic ridge.
OCEAN BASIN FLOOR
form at the sites of plate convergence where one moving plate descends beneath another one plunges back into the mantle
DEEP OCEAN TRENCHES
a very level area of the deep-ocean floor, usually lying at the foot of the continental rise.
ABYSSAL PLAIN
an isolated volcanic peak that rises at least 1000 meters above the deep ocean floor, and a guyot is an eroded, submerged seamount
SEAMOUNT
found near the center of most ocean basins
MID-OCEAN RIDGE
1.are deposited at the bottom of ocean and laes to form layers sediment.
FOSSILS
2.the bottom layers compacts the sediments together.
PRESSURE
important evidence of Earth’s history
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
provide geologists with evidence for deciphering past environments
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
layers of sedimentary rock are paralel
DISCONFORMITY
forms when lower layers are tilted and patially eroded
UNCONFORMITY
the layers lie on top of an erosion surface.
NONCONFORMITY
-The study of layered rocks and their arrangement and history
STRATIGRAPHY
the sequence in which events occurred, not how long ago they occurred
RELATIVE AGE MEASUREMENT
age in years
ABSOLUTE YEARS
an unformed sequence of sedimentary rocks, each bed is older than the one above it and younger than the one below it
LAW OF SUPERPOSITION
means that layers of sediment are generally deposited in a horizontal position.
PRINCIPLE OF ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY
states that layers of sediments initially extend laterally in all directions
LATERAL OF LATERAL CONTINUITY
relationships states that when a fault cuts through rock layers
[RINCIPLE OF CROSS CUTTING
the remains or traces of organisms that were once alive
FOSSILS
Most organisms die and decay to leave no remains at all, but on very rare occasions a dead organism can become fossilized
FOSSILS FORM
Based on the observation that sediment usually accumulates in horizontal layers
Principle of Original Horizontality
Rock layer above is younger than the ones below it.
Principle of superposition
is a system of chronological measurement that relates stratigraphy to time. It is used by geologists to describe the timing and relationships between events that have occurred
geologic time scale
It subdivides all time into named units of abstract time called-in descending order of duration-eons, eras, periods, epochs, and ages.
CALENDAR
Longest subdivision; based on the abundance of certain fossils
EONS
We are currently in this
EONS
Next to longest subdivision; marked by major changes in the fossil record
ERAS
544 million years ago…lasted 300 million yrs “ancient life” (pre-dinosaurs)
PALEOZOIC
245 million years ago… lasted 180 million yrs
“middle life” (dinosaurs)
MESOZOIC
65 million years ago… continues through present day “recent life” (mammals)
CENOZOIC
Based on types of life existing at the time
PERIODS
Shortest subdivision; marked by differences in life forms and c
continent.
EPOCHS
is a phenomenon caused by natural or human forces which poses threat to humans, animals, properties and environment.
HAZARD
illustrates the areas that are exposed or prone to a particular hazard.
HAZARD MAP
is an adverse geologic condition capable of causing damage or loss of property or life.
GEOLOGICAL HAZARD
the vibration of the ground during an earthquake
GROUNDSHAKING
the rupture of the Earth’s surface caused by an earthquake.
SURFACE FAULTING
is an occurrence in which soil, rocks and vegetal debris are transported suddenly or slowly down a slope due to insufficient stability. It may happen when there is continuous rainfall, earthquake and/or volcanic eruption.
LANDSLIDE
takes place when loosely packed, water-logged sediments at or near the ground surface lose their strength in response to strong ground shaking.
LIQUEFACTION
giant waves caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea.
TSUNAMIS
it occurs when magma is released from a volcano. These are major natural hazards on earth.
VOLCANIC ERUPTION
all pieces of all fragments of rock ejected into the air by an erupting volcano.
TEPHRA
volcanic phenomena that involve high-density mixtures of hot, fragmented solids and expanding gases
PYROCLASTIC FLOW
is an Indonesian term that describes a hot or cold mixture of water and rock fragments that flows down the slopes of a volcano and typically enters a river valley.
LAHAR
streams of molten rock that pour or ooze from an erupting vent.
LAVA DOMES
They are brought by extreme meteorological and climate phenomena that include tropical cyclones, thunderstorms, tornadoes (ipo-ipo), drought, and floods
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARD
known in various names depending on the country where you live.
TROPICAL CYCLONE
is an abnormal progressive rise in the water level of a stream that may result in the overflow by the water of the normal confines of the stream.
FLOOD
a narrow, violently rotating column of air that extends from a thunderstorm to the ground.
TORNADO
The forces of the waves crashing into the cliff.
HYDRAULIC ACTION
rocks and pebbles collide with each other and roll
around.
ATTRITION
Waves carrying beach material e.g. sand and rocks are thrown against the cliff wearing it away
ABRASION
Is when the cliff dissolves by slightly acidic water.
CORROSION
this occurs when storm surges or high tides overtop areas low in elevation.
SALT WATER INTRUSION
refers to the movement of coastal sediments from the visible portion of the beach to the submerged nearshore region of the coast.
SUBMERSION
the condition of the atmosphere of a place within a short period of time. It is the daily conditions in the atmosphere of a local area.
WEATHER
refers to the typical weather in a region for a long period of time. Climate in a particular area is consistent.
CLIMATE
is a science that deals with the atmosphere and atmospheric phenomenon that affect the weather of a certain area.
METEOROLOGY
Philippine government agency that observes, records, and communicates the changes in the atmospheric properties and phenomena.
PAG-ASA (Philippine, Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
The movement of air in the atmosphere. It is measured by wind vane and anemometer.
WIND
It’s the weight of air in the atmosphere
ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS
This is how hot or cold the air is
TEMPERATURE
The product of a rapid condensation process. It may include snow, hail, sleet,
Factors Affecting Climate
PRECIPITATION
the main factor affecting global climate. The further we go from the equator, the temperature drops and the cooler it gets. This means earth gets hotter at equator and places near equator.
LATITUDE
Temperature decreases with increasing altitude at an average rate of 6.5°C for every 1000m increase in altitude, as the atmosphere receives less heat through terrestrial radiation.
LATITUDE
The physical feature of a place affects its climate. The difference in elevation and mountain ranges determine the distribution of precipitation on earth. The bodies of water shape the climates and create the high- and low-pressure systems that cause weather events.
TOPOGRAPHY
