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SAT cor 008 Flashcards

1
Q

naturally occurring events that directly or indirectly impact the geology on the Earth.

A

GEOLOGICAL PROCESS

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2
Q

process of transporting the weathered material

A

EROSION

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3
Q

agents of erosion

A

WATER, WAVES, WIND, GRAVITY AND GLACIERS

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4
Q

occurs when particles are incorporated into the glacial ice through a process

A

GLACIAL EROSION

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5
Q

often broken into 3 distinct categories

A

FLUVIAL (WATER) EROSION

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6
Q

3 distinct categories

A

RAIN SPLASH, SHEET EROSION, RILL EROSION

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7
Q

when the impact of rain drops loosens and mobilizes particles.

A

RAIN SPLASH

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8
Q

process where particles loosened by rain-splash erosion are transported by runoff water down the slope of a surface.

A

SHEET EROSION

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9
Q

occurs when water concentrate during sheet erosion and erodes small rills into the surface that channel flow down slope.

A

RILL EROSION

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10
Q

the removal of soil along drainage lines by surface water runoff

A

GULLY EROSION

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11
Q

the movement or transport of particles through the air or along the ground

A

DEFLATION

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12
Q

process that occurs when wind-transported particles sculpt features in the landscape through a “sand-blasting” like process

A

ABRASION

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13
Q

refers to the erosion of a consolidated mass of materials that erode or maove as a single unit.

A

COHERENT

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14
Q

refers to the erosion or movement of a mass of unconsolidated individual fragments of materials

A

INCOHERENT

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15
Q

can be coherent or incoherent

A

GRAVITY RELATED EROSION

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16
Q

the exogenic process that happens after erosion. This process adds sediments, soil and rocks to a landform or land mass

A

DEOSITION

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17
Q

Material Deposited in a new spot

A

DEPOSITION

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18
Q

Wind, Rain, and Freezing break up rock

A

WEATHERING

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19
Q

moving broken material

A

EROSION

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20
Q

process of breaking rocks into smaller pieces overtime is called

A

WEATHERING

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21
Q

movement of rock particles from one place to a new location by ice, water, wind, and gravity

A

EROSION

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22
Q

dropping off and layering of sediments in the new location

A

DEPOSITION

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23
Q

process where particles loosened by rain-splash erosion are transported by runoff water down the slope of a surface

A

SHEET EROSION/SLOPE SPLASH

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24
Q

Wind, Water, Ice (breaks it)

A

WEATHERING

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25
Q

Wind, Water, Ice, and Gravity (takes it)

A

EROSION

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26
Q

New Island (drops it)

A

DEPOSITION

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27
Q

a German meteorologists and geophysicist, presented the continental Drift hypothesis

A

ALFRED WEGENER

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28
Q

What is Continental Drift Theory?

A

the movement of tectonic plates, which drift apart from the land

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29
Q

how many years PANGEA broke into two new continents?

A

About 200 million years ago

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30
Q

“fit together” like puzzles pices.

A

CONTINENTS

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31
Q

have been discovered in matching coastlines on different continents.

A

FOSSIL FUELS

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32
Q

some mountain ranges on different continents seem to match.

A

MOUNTAINS

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33
Q

glaciers in areas that are now close to the Equator

A

CLIMATIC EVIDENCE

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34
Q

Glaciers covered parts of Africa, Australia, South America, India and Antarctica about 230 million years ago.

A

TRUE

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35
Q

Glossopteris is type of plant fossil found on a number of continents.

A

TRUE

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36
Q

Wegener’s evidences were readily accepted by the scientific community.

A

FALSE

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37
Q

North America and South America are two best examples of different continental position in the past.

A

FALSE

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38
Q

Scientist rejected Wegener’s hypothesis of the continental drift because he failed to explain how or why earth’s continents move.

A

TRUE

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39
Q

the steep gradient that leads to the deep-ocean floor and marks the seaward edge the continental shelf

A

CONTINENTAL SLOPE

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40
Q

very level area of the deep-ocean floor, usually lying at the foot at the continental rise.

A

ABYSSAL PLAIN

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41
Q

found near the center of most ocean basin basins and it is an interconnected system of underwater mountains that have developed on newly formed ocean crust

A

MID-OCEAN RIDGE

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42
Q

the zone of transition between a cotinental and the adjacent ocean basin floor

A

CONTINENTAL MARGIN

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43
Q

it forms at the sites of plate convergence where one moving plate descends beneath and plunges back into the mantle

A

DEEP OCEAN TRENCHES

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44
Q

stated that the Earth’s lithosphere is made up of individual plates that are broken down into over a dozen large and small pieces of solid rock called slab

A

PLATE TECTONIC THEORIES

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45
Q

plates spread apart creating gap for the hot magma rise and cool

A

DIVERGENT BOUNDARY

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46
Q

plates collide (forming mountains) and destroyed as one crust dive beneath the other – the process called subduction

A

CONVERGENT BOUNDARY

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47
Q

plates side past each other and cause breaks (faults) in the lithosphere and causes earthquakes

A

TRANSFORM FAULT BOUNDARIES

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48
Q

-Convergent Boundary
-Divergent Boundary
Transform Boundary

A

THREE TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARIES

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49
Q

Deep-sea trenches, Volcanic Mountains, and Rift Valleys

A

CONVERGENT FORM

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50
Q

Volcanic Island, and Mid-ocean ridges

A

DIVERGENT FORM

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51
Q

Major earthquakes

A

TRANSFORM CAUSE

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52
Q

According to the plate tectonics theory, seafloor spreading takes place at a

A

DIVERGENT BOUNDARY

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53
Q

is not a characteristic of continent-ocean convergent plate boundary

A

ISLAND ARCS

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54
Q

The occurrence of Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a characteristic of a

A

OCEAN-OCEAN CONVERGENT PLATE

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55
Q

The presence of Himalayas mountain range in Southern Asia is a characteristic of a

A

CONTINENT-CONTINENT CONVERGENCE

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56
Q

in the past, the earth is consisted of a single supercontinent consisting of all Earth’s landmasses and began to break apart 200 million years ago and from the present landmasses.

A

Continental Drift Theories

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57
Q

According to this theory, the uppermost mantle and the overlying crust behave as a strong, rigid layer, which is broken into segments due to movements, collision and destruction

A

Plate Tectonics

58
Q

What do Western aleutians, andes and Himalayas have in common?

A

they are formed by convergence plate

59
Q

is not a divergent plate boundary

A

San Andreas Fault

60
Q

Which layer of the Earth’s interior is liquid?

A

Oceanic Crust

61
Q

Which layer produces the Earth’s magnetic field?

A

Inner Core

62
Q

Which layer of the Earth’s interior has the lowest density?

A

Continental Crust

63
Q

Which layer of the Earth’s interior has the highest density?

A

Inner Core

64
Q

What keeps the inner core solid?

A

High Pressure

65
Q

mechanism that operates along the oceanic ridge system to create a new seafloor

A

Seafloor Spreading

66
Q

the undersea mountain chain whre new ocean floor is produced; a divergent plate boundary

A

Mid-Ocean Ridge

67
Q

a device that determines the distance of an object under water by recording echoes of sound waves

A

SONAR

68
Q

a deep valley along the ocean floor through whuch oceanic crust slowly sinks towards the mantle.

A

Deep ocean trenches

69
Q

the process by which crust sinks through a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle; a convergent plate boundary.

A

SUBDUCTION

70
Q

the zone of transition between a continent and the adjacent ocean basin floor.

A

CONTINENTAL MARGIN

71
Q

is the gently sloping submerged surface extending from shoreline

A

CONTINENTAL SHELF

72
Q

the teep gradient that leads to the deep ocean floor and marks the seaward edge of the continental shelf

A

CONTINENTAL SLOPE

73
Q

the seaward extension of a valley that was cut on the continental shelf during a time when sea level was lower

A

SUBMARINE CANYON

74
Q

the downslope movement od dense, sediment-laden water created when sand and mud on the continental shelf and slope are dislodged and thrown into suspension

A

TURBIDITY CURRENT

75
Q

6.is the area of the deep-ocean floor between the continental margin and the oceanic ridge.

A

CONTINENTAL RISE

76
Q

7.the area of the deep-ocean floor between the continental margin and the oceanic ridge.

A

OCEAN BASIN FLOOR

77
Q

form at the sites of plate convergence where one moving plate descends beneath another one plunges back into the mantle

A

DEEP OCEAN TRENCHES

78
Q

a very level area of the deep-ocean floor, usually lying at the foot of the continental rise.

A

ABYSSAL PLAIN

79
Q

an isolated volcanic peak that rises at least 1000 meters above the deep ocean floor, and a guyot is an eroded, submerged seamount

A

SEAMOUNT

80
Q

found near the center of most ocean basins

A

MID-OCEAN RIDGE

81
Q

1.are deposited at the bottom of ocean and laes to form layers sediment.

A

FOSSILS

82
Q

2.the bottom layers compacts the sediments together.

A

PRESSURE

83
Q

important evidence of Earth’s history

A

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

84
Q

provide geologists with evidence for deciphering past environments

A

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

85
Q

layers of sedimentary rock are paralel

A

DISCONFORMITY

86
Q

forms when lower layers are tilted and patially eroded

A

UNCONFORMITY

87
Q

the layers lie on top of an erosion surface.

A

NONCONFORMITY

88
Q

-The study of layered rocks and their arrangement and history

A

STRATIGRAPHY

89
Q

the sequence in which events occurred, not how long ago they occurred

A

RELATIVE AGE MEASUREMENT

90
Q

age in years

A

ABSOLUTE YEARS

91
Q

an unformed sequence of sedimentary rocks, each bed is older than the one above it and younger than the one below it

A

LAW OF SUPERPOSITION

92
Q

means that layers of sediment are generally deposited in a horizontal position.

A

PRINCIPLE OF ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY

93
Q

states that layers of sediments initially extend laterally in all directions

A

LATERAL OF LATERAL CONTINUITY

94
Q

relationships states that when a fault cuts through rock layers

A

[RINCIPLE OF CROSS CUTTING

95
Q

the remains or traces of organisms that were once alive

A

FOSSILS

96
Q

Most organisms die and decay to leave no remains at all, but on very rare occasions a dead organism can become fossilized

A

FOSSILS FORM

97
Q

Based on the observation that sediment usually accumulates in horizontal layers

A

Principle of Original Horizontality

98
Q

Rock layer above is younger than the ones below it.

A

Principle of superposition

99
Q

is a system of chronological measurement that relates stratigraphy to time. It is used by geologists to describe the timing and relationships between events that have occurred

A

geologic time scale

100
Q

It subdivides all time into named units of abstract time called-in descending order of duration-eons, eras, periods, epochs, and ages.

A

CALENDAR

101
Q

Longest subdivision; based on the abundance of certain fossils

A

EONS

102
Q

We are currently in this

A

EONS

103
Q

Next to longest subdivision; marked by major changes in the fossil record

A

ERAS

104
Q

544 million years ago…lasted 300 million yrs “ancient life” (pre-dinosaurs)

A

PALEOZOIC

105
Q

245 million years ago… lasted 180 million yrs
“middle life” (dinosaurs)

A

MESOZOIC

106
Q

65 million years ago… continues through present day “recent life” (mammals)

A

CENOZOIC

107
Q

Based on types of life existing at the time

A

PERIODS

108
Q

Shortest subdivision; marked by differences in life forms and c
continent.

A

EPOCHS

109
Q

is a phenomenon caused by natural or human forces which poses threat to humans, animals, properties and environment.

A

HAZARD

110
Q

illustrates the areas that are exposed or prone to a particular hazard.

A

HAZARD MAP

111
Q

is an adverse geologic condition capable of causing damage or loss of property or life.

A

GEOLOGICAL HAZARD

112
Q

the vibration of the ground during an earthquake

A

GROUNDSHAKING

113
Q

the rupture of the Earth’s surface caused by an earthquake.

A

SURFACE FAULTING

114
Q

is an occurrence in which soil, rocks and vegetal debris are transported suddenly or slowly down a slope due to insufficient stability. It may happen when there is continuous rainfall, earthquake and/or volcanic eruption.

A

LANDSLIDE

115
Q

takes place when loosely packed, water-logged sediments at or near the ground surface lose their strength in response to strong ground shaking.

A

LIQUEFACTION

116
Q

 giant waves caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea.

A

TSUNAMIS

117
Q

it occurs when magma is released from a volcano. These are major natural hazards on earth.

A

VOLCANIC ERUPTION

118
Q

all pieces of all fragments of rock ejected into the air by an erupting volcano.

A

TEPHRA

119
Q

volcanic phenomena that involve high-density mixtures of hot, fragmented solids and expanding gases

A

PYROCLASTIC FLOW

120
Q

 is an Indonesian term that describes a hot or cold mixture of water and rock fragments that flows down the slopes of a volcano and typically enters a river valley.

A

LAHAR

121
Q

streams of molten rock that pour or ooze from an erupting vent.

A

LAVA DOMES

122
Q

They are brought by extreme meteorological and climate phenomena that include tropical cyclones, thunderstorms, tornadoes (ipo-ipo), drought, and floods

A

HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL HAZARD

123
Q

known in various names depending on the country where you live.

A

TROPICAL CYCLONE

124
Q

is an abnormal progressive rise in the water level of a stream that may result in the overflow by the water of the normal confines of the stream.

A

FLOOD

125
Q

a narrow, violently rotating column of air that extends from a thunderstorm to the ground.

A

TORNADO

126
Q

The forces of the waves crashing into the cliff.

A

HYDRAULIC ACTION

127
Q

rocks and pebbles collide with each other and roll
around.

A

ATTRITION

128
Q

Waves carrying beach material e.g. sand and rocks are thrown against the cliff wearing it away

A

ABRASION

129
Q

Is when the cliff dissolves by slightly acidic water.

A

CORROSION

130
Q

this occurs when storm surges or high tides overtop areas low in elevation.

A

SALT WATER INTRUSION

131
Q

refers to the movement of coastal sediments from the visible portion of the beach to the submerged nearshore region of the coast.

A

SUBMERSION

132
Q

the condition of the atmosphere of a place within a short period of time. It is the daily conditions in the atmosphere of a local area.

A

WEATHER

133
Q

refers to the typical weather in a region for a long period of time. Climate in a particular area is consistent.

A

CLIMATE

134
Q

is a science that deals with the atmosphere and atmospheric phenomenon that affect the weather of a certain area.

A

METEOROLOGY

135
Q

Philippine government agency that observes, records, and communicates the changes in the atmospheric properties and phenomena.

A

PAG-ASA (Philippine, Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

136
Q

The movement of air in the atmosphere. It is measured by wind vane and anemometer.

A

WIND

137
Q

It’s the weight of air in the atmosphere

A

ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS

138
Q

This is how hot or cold the air is

A

TEMPERATURE

139
Q

The product of a rapid condensation process. It may include snow, hail, sleet,
Factors Affecting Climate

A

PRECIPITATION

140
Q

the main factor affecting global climate. The further we go from the equator, the temperature drops and the cooler it gets. This means earth gets hotter at equator and places near equator.

A

LATITUDE

141
Q

Temperature decreases with increasing altitude at an average rate of 6.5°C for every 1000m increase in altitude, as the atmosphere receives less heat through terrestrial radiation.

A

LATITUDE

142
Q

The physical feature of a place affects its climate. The difference in elevation and mountain ranges determine the distribution of precipitation on earth. The bodies of water shape the climates and create the high- and low-pressure systems that cause weather events.

A

TOPOGRAPHY

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