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earth sci Flashcards

1
Q

the study of the origin, history, and structure of the earth

A

GEOLOGY

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2
Q

the study of outer space and the physical bodies beyond the earth

A

ASTRONOMY

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3
Q

the study of everything in ocean environment, which covers about 70% of the earths surface

A

OCEANOGRAPHY

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4
Q

the science of the atmosphere and its phenomena (the study of the weather)includes the study of weather patterns, clouds, hurricanes, and tornadoes

A

METEOROLOGY

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5
Q

the concern of this theory is to solve problems about angular momentum of the sun

A

SOLAR NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS

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6
Q

this theory is proposed by Rene Descartes, its was formed into bodies with nearly circular orbits because of the whirlpool-like motion in the pre -solar materials

A

VORTEX THEORY

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7
Q

this theory is proposed by George Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon. the planets were formed by the collision of the sun with a giant comet

A

COLLISION THEORY

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8
Q

this is proposed by Immanuel Kant and Pierre Simon Laplace, nebula collapses because of gravitational force, and contracts as it spins more rapidly.

A

KANT-LAPLACE THEORY

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9
Q

this is proposed by Harold Jeffreys and James Jeans, and the planets were formed from the substance that was torn out f the sun

A

JEANS-JEFFREYS’ TIDAL THEORY

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10
Q

used to describe how light id reflected from the surface of a mineral

A

LUSTER

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11
Q

this is opaque and very reflective like gold and silver

A

METALLIC LUSTER

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12
Q

this is a dull, silky, greasy, and pearly like silicates

A

NON-METALLIC LUSTER

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13
Q

a measure of the resistance of a mineral to being scratched

A

HARDNESS

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14
Q

the least used property in determining what mineral is present in a rock

A

COLOR

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15
Q

this is a visible expression of a mineral’s internal arrangement of atoms

A

CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE

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16
Q

three-dimensions of the mineral have about the same length, like that of a a cube or sphere

A

EQUANT

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17
Q

Forms prismatic or prism-like crystals that are thicker than needle as in a pencil

A

ELONGATE

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18
Q

looks like a flattened and thin crystal (like plate)

A

PLATY

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19
Q

the tendency of a mineral to cleave, or break, along flat, even surfaces.

A

CLEAVAGE

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20
Q

the uneven breakage of a mineral

A

FRACTURE

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21
Q

refers to the ability of some minerals to be attracted to a hand magnet

A

MAGNETISM

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22
Q

some mineral especially carbonate minerals, react visibly with acid

A

REACTION TO ACID

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23
Q

refers to the weight of that mineral divided by the weight of an equal volume of water

A

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

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24
Q

some minerals have distinctive taste (halite is salt, and tastes like it)

A

TASTE, ODOR, AND SMELL

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25
Q

this silicone-oxygen tetrahedron provides the framework of every silicate mineral

A

SILICATES

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26
Q

Mineral that contains the elements carbon, oxygen, and one more other silicate mineral

A

CARBONATES

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27
Q

minerals that contain oxygen or other elements, which usually metals

A

OXIDES

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28
Q

minerals that contain the element sulfur

A

SULFATES AND SULFIDES

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29
Q

minerals that contain a halogen ion plus one or more other elements

A

HALIDES

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30
Q

minerals that exist in relatively pure form. they naturally in an uncombined form with a distinct mineral structure

A

NATIVE ELEMENTS

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31
Q

they are often formed when other minerals are broken down by weathering, they are brightly colored

A

PHOSPHATES

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32
Q

it is the term used for hose substances that do not fit nearly into one of the eight classses

A

MINERALOID

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33
Q

it is the physical disintegration or chemical alteration of rocks or near the earths surface

A

WEATHERING

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34
Q

it is also known as physical weathering, caused by the change of temperature due to contraction and expansion rocks break up

A

MECHANICAL WEATHERING

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35
Q

Over millennia, tectonic
forces may raise the granite to
form a mountain range. As the
granite rises, the overlying
rock erodes and the pressure
decreases.

A

PRESSURE-RELEASE FRACTURING

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36
Q

Water
accumulates in a crack and then
freezes, the ice expands. Ice pushes
rock apart but at the same time
cements it together. When the ice
melts, rock fragments tumble from
a steep cliff.

A

FROST WEDGING

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37
Q

rocks, grains of sand,
and silt collide with one another when
currents or waves carry them along a
stream or beach. During these
collisions, their sharp edges and
corners wear away, and the particles
become eroded. The mechanical
wearing of rocks by friction and
impact is called abrasion.

A

ABRASION

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38
Q

if soil
collects in a crack in bedrock, a
seed may fall there and sprout.
The roots work their way into the
crack, expand, and may
eventually widen the crack.

A

ORGANIC ACTIVITY

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39
Q

Rocks at Earth’s
surface are exposed to daily and
yearly cycles of heating and cooling.
They expand when they are heated
and contract when they cool.

A

THERMAL EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION

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40
Q

Decomposes, dissolves, alters, or weakens the rock through
chemical processes to form residual materials.

A

CHEMICAL WEATHERING

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41
Q

we are all
familiar with the fact that
some minerals dissolve
readily in water while others
do not. If you put a crystal of
halite in water, the crystals
rapidly dissolve to form a
solution.

A

DISSOLUTON

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42
Q

water reacts
with a mineral to form a new
mineral with the water as part
of its crystal structure. Most
common minerals weather by
hydrolysis.

A

HYDROLYSIS

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43
Q

is the reaction of rock
minerals with oxygen. Iron rusts when
it reacts with water and oxygen.

A

OXIDATION

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44
Q

the process of rock
minerals reacts when carbon dioxide
and water combines forming carbonic acid.

A

CARBONATION

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45
Q

The process of transporting the weathered material,
eventually depositing it in new location or environment (Sills,
2010).

A

EROSION

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46
Q

when those sediments
are deposited, or dropped off, in a
different location. Deposition adds
sediment to a land form.

A

DEPOSITION

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47
Q

are the two types of weathering

A

CHEMICAL and MECHANICAL

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48
Q

is NOT interconnected with Exogenic Processes

A

GEOSPHERE

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49
Q

is described as the breakdown of a rock into unconnected grains or chunks without changes in its composition

A

MECHANICAL WEATHERING

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50
Q

Exfoliation, frost wedging, root wedging, salt wedging, and thermal expansion are under

A

MECHANICAL WEATHERING

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51
Q

a kind of strain where rock can return to its original shape

A

ELASTIC DEFORMATION

52
Q

the most common erosion agent

A

WATER

53
Q

processes that is formed that is formed or occuring beneath the surface of the earth. it involves geologic activities

A

ENDOGENIC PROCESS

54
Q

a process under the earth’s crust where formation and movement of magma occur. these happen when the lower part of the earth crust in the upper

A

MAGMATISM

55
Q

How is magma formed?

A

-Earth is formed or generated through the process of partial melting

55
Q

these are fractures in rocks that show little or no movement at all

A

JOINTS

56
Q

melting in the mantle requires one of the three possible event to occur:

A
  • an increase in temperature
  • a decrease to pressure
    -addition of volatiles
57
Q

a process that leads to changes in mineral contents, texture, and chemical composition of a pre-existing rock.

A

METAMORPHISM

58
Q

types of metamorphism

A
  1. CONTACT METAMORPHISM
  2. REGIONAL METAMORPHISM
59
Q

happens when a rock minerals and texture changes due to heat

A

CONTACT METAMORPHISM

60
Q

a change in the rock happens in a larger area, a large scale action of heat and pressure

A

REGIONAL METAMORPHISM

61
Q

agents of metamorphism

A
  • heat (most important)
    -pressure
  • chemically active fluids
62
Q

it is when rock is stretched or pulled apart

A

HEAT

63
Q

when magma solidified, it becomes what?

A

IGNEOUS ROCKS

64
Q

MAGMA is mostly composed of elements

A

SILICON AND OXYGEN

65
Q

magma when extrudes to the earth’s crust it is called what?

A

LAVA

66
Q

where does lava erupts?

A

VOLCANO

67
Q

Where does magmatism happens?

A

ASTHENOSPHERE

68
Q

magmatism happens when solid rocks melt through the process of what?

A

PARTIAL MELTING

69
Q

name partial melting affected by three factors;

A

-TEMPERATURE
-PRESSURE
- VOLATILES

70
Q

temperature increases, this process is known as what?

A

DECOMPRESSION MELTING

71
Q

volatiles are added, this process is known as?

A

FLUX MELTING

72
Q

where does flux melting happens?

A

SUBDUCTION ZONE

73
Q

where does decomposition melting happens?

A

MID-OCEAN RIDGE

74
Q

where does heat transfer happens?

A

SUBDUCTION ZONE

75
Q

where does most minerals in Earth’s crust belong to?

A

SILICATES

76
Q

is the physical characteristic of a mineral which break along smooth planes and are said to propose.

A

CLEAVAGE

77
Q
  • Many kinds of rocks and minerals must be mined to extracted the valuable elements they contain
A

MINING

78
Q

this method is use when minerals deposits are located at or near the surface of the Earth.

A

SURFACE MINING

79
Q

TYPE OF SURFACE MINES INCLUDES

A
  • Open pit
  • Surface coal mines
  • Quarries
80
Q

this method is used when mineral deposits are too deep within the Earth to be surface mined. It often requires the passageways to be dug into the earth to reach the ore.

A

SUBSURFACE/UNDERGROUND MINING

81
Q

concentrates the minerals at the bottom of the magma chamber which will then become viable deposits as soon the system cools

A

CRYSTAL SETTLING

82
Q

dissolves minerals and form ions that will later be precipitated back as highly concentrated minerals once the water starts to cool

A

HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES

82
Q
A
83
Q

pegmatite deposits are formed when minerals grown in large area.

A

PEGMATIZATION

84
Q

happen when solutions lose the solvent carrying the solutes through evaporative processes

A

PRECIPITATION

85
Q

surface water movement weathers and erodes rock

A

PLACER

86
Q

makes the metals in minerals easier to extract later during processing

A

WEATHERING & GROUNDWATER ACTION

87
Q

primarily used in the manufacture of glass

A

QUARTZ

88
Q

a good conductor of electricity, it is used in all electrical wirings in building

A

COOPER MINERAL

89
Q

is used as gemstone and as an important nickel ore.

A

NICKEL MINERALS

90
Q

is ideal as an electrical insulator in high temperature power cables in aluminum plants, blast furnace, defense systems, heater, boiler, and flat iron.

A

MICA MINERALS

91
Q

it serves as hardening alloy for steel, on the other hand, is an important components in the fabrication of machines, as well as in the manufacture of ferroalloys, dry cell batteries, disinfectants, glass decolorizer and paints

A

MANGANESE MINERAL

92
Q

is mixed with carbon, it is turned into steel.

A

IRON METALS

93
Q

– is chiefly used for jewelry

A

GYPSUM MINERAL

94
Q

is commonly used in the ceramic, pottery, and glass industries

A

CERAMICS

95
Q

– used in the production of stainless steel to induce hardness, toughness, and chemical resistance.

A

CHROMITE

96
Q
A
97
Q

used in the construction industry as cement raw material; in steel and glass industries as an acid neutralize

A

CALCITE

98
Q

is mostly commonly used in manufacture of sulfur dioxide, which is utilized in the paper industry; and sulfuric acid

A

SULFUR

99
Q

How can you prevent or lessen the environmental impact that results from the exploitation, extraction, and use of mineral resources?

A

RECYCLING, CONSERVATION, RESPONSIBLE MINING PRACTICES, POLICIES AND REGULATION, USE OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESOURCES

100
Q

recycling of metals and other materials reduces the need for mining and extraction of new mineral resources

A

RECYCLING

101
Q

measures such as reducing energy consumption and using alternative sources of energy reduces the demand for mineral resources

A

CONSERVATION

102
Q

mining companies should adopt responsible mining pratices such as reducing waste generation, minimizing environmental impacts, and engaging with local communities.

A

RESPONSIBLE MINING PRACTICES

103
Q

ensure sustainable use and exploitation of mineral resources.

A

POLICIES AND REGULATIONS

104
Q

such as solar, wind and hydroelectric power reduces the dependence on fossil and minimize environmental impacts.

A

USE OF ALTERNANATIVE RESOURCES

105
Q
  • are used in making various kinds of steel
A

HAMITE AND WOLFRAMITE

106
Q

are ores contain metals used in making coins

A

GOLD, HAMITE, AND SILVER

107
Q

a natural heat from the interior of earth that is converted to heat buildings an degenerate electricity.

A

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

108
Q

is one of the oldest and largest sources of renewable energy, which uses the natural flow of moving water to generate electricity.

A

HYDROTHERMAL ENERGY

109
Q

are burned to produce energy

A

FOSSIL FUELS

110
Q

this can be used for combined heat and power (CHP) operations, can simply turned into electricity using combustion energy, fuel cell or gas turbine

A

BIOGAS

111
Q

captures the heat beneath our feet by harnessing hot water or stream.

A

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

112
Q

this was from hydrothermal vents is collected into a heat exchanger

A

HOT WATER

113
Q

it is harnessed by using the chemical to produce electricity

A

ENERGY STORED BATTERIES

114
Q

light energy is collected over what?

A

SOLAR ENERGY

115
Q

is burned to generate heat

A

BIOMASS

116
Q

steps on how geothermal power plant works

A
  • HOT WATER
    – STEAM
    – TURBINE, GENERATOR
    – COOLING TOWER
    – INJECTION WELL
117
Q

where does hydropower get its energy from?

A

MOVING WATER SOURCES

118
Q

disadvantage of run-of-the-river hydropower?

A

RIVER MUST REMAIN FULL AND FLOWING IN ORDER TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY

119
Q

what is it called when you generate electricity with a dam water?

A

HYDROELIC POWER

120
Q

what benefit may come from dams?

A

PROVIDES POWER TO HOME BUSINESS

121
Q

it is a benefit of hydro power plant

A

IT IS CLEAN; IT DOESN’T RELEASE POLLUTANT ON GREENHOUSE GASES

122
Q

water present here; oceans, rivers, lakes, reservoir, ponds, and streams

A

SURFACE WATER

123
Q

lies under the surface of the land, where it travels through and fills openings in the rocks.

A

UNDERGROUND WATERS

124
Q

molecules determines the force of attraction between them in their liquid state

A

POLARITY

125
Q
A

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