earth sci Flashcards
the study of the origin, history, and structure of the earth
GEOLOGY
the study of outer space and the physical bodies beyond the earth
ASTRONOMY
the study of everything in ocean environment, which covers about 70% of the earths surface
OCEANOGRAPHY
the science of the atmosphere and its phenomena (the study of the weather)includes the study of weather patterns, clouds, hurricanes, and tornadoes
METEOROLOGY
the concern of this theory is to solve problems about angular momentum of the sun
SOLAR NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS
this theory is proposed by Rene Descartes, its was formed into bodies with nearly circular orbits because of the whirlpool-like motion in the pre -solar materials
VORTEX THEORY
this theory is proposed by George Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon. the planets were formed by the collision of the sun with a giant comet
COLLISION THEORY
this is proposed by Immanuel Kant and Pierre Simon Laplace, nebula collapses because of gravitational force, and contracts as it spins more rapidly.
KANT-LAPLACE THEORY
this is proposed by Harold Jeffreys and James Jeans, and the planets were formed from the substance that was torn out f the sun
JEANS-JEFFREYS’ TIDAL THEORY
used to describe how light id reflected from the surface of a mineral
LUSTER
this is opaque and very reflective like gold and silver
METALLIC LUSTER
this is a dull, silky, greasy, and pearly like silicates
NON-METALLIC LUSTER
a measure of the resistance of a mineral to being scratched
HARDNESS
the least used property in determining what mineral is present in a rock
COLOR
this is a visible expression of a mineral’s internal arrangement of atoms
CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE
three-dimensions of the mineral have about the same length, like that of a a cube or sphere
EQUANT
Forms prismatic or prism-like crystals that are thicker than needle as in a pencil
ELONGATE
looks like a flattened and thin crystal (like plate)
PLATY
the tendency of a mineral to cleave, or break, along flat, even surfaces.
CLEAVAGE
the uneven breakage of a mineral
FRACTURE
refers to the ability of some minerals to be attracted to a hand magnet
MAGNETISM
some mineral especially carbonate minerals, react visibly with acid
REACTION TO ACID
refers to the weight of that mineral divided by the weight of an equal volume of water
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
some minerals have distinctive taste (halite is salt, and tastes like it)
TASTE, ODOR, AND SMELL
this silicone-oxygen tetrahedron provides the framework of every silicate mineral
SILICATES
Mineral that contains the elements carbon, oxygen, and one more other silicate mineral
CARBONATES
minerals that contain oxygen or other elements, which usually metals
OXIDES
minerals that contain the element sulfur
SULFATES AND SULFIDES
minerals that contain a halogen ion plus one or more other elements
HALIDES
minerals that exist in relatively pure form. they naturally in an uncombined form with a distinct mineral structure
NATIVE ELEMENTS
they are often formed when other minerals are broken down by weathering, they are brightly colored
PHOSPHATES
it is the term used for hose substances that do not fit nearly into one of the eight classses
MINERALOID
it is the physical disintegration or chemical alteration of rocks or near the earths surface
WEATHERING
it is also known as physical weathering, caused by the change of temperature due to contraction and expansion rocks break up
MECHANICAL WEATHERING
Over millennia, tectonic
forces may raise the granite to
form a mountain range. As the
granite rises, the overlying
rock erodes and the pressure
decreases.
PRESSURE-RELEASE FRACTURING
Water
accumulates in a crack and then
freezes, the ice expands. Ice pushes
rock apart but at the same time
cements it together. When the ice
melts, rock fragments tumble from
a steep cliff.
FROST WEDGING
rocks, grains of sand,
and silt collide with one another when
currents or waves carry them along a
stream or beach. During these
collisions, their sharp edges and
corners wear away, and the particles
become eroded. The mechanical
wearing of rocks by friction and
impact is called abrasion.
ABRASION
if soil
collects in a crack in bedrock, a
seed may fall there and sprout.
The roots work their way into the
crack, expand, and may
eventually widen the crack.
ORGANIC ACTIVITY
Rocks at Earth’s
surface are exposed to daily and
yearly cycles of heating and cooling.
They expand when they are heated
and contract when they cool.
THERMAL EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION
Decomposes, dissolves, alters, or weakens the rock through
chemical processes to form residual materials.
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
we are all
familiar with the fact that
some minerals dissolve
readily in water while others
do not. If you put a crystal of
halite in water, the crystals
rapidly dissolve to form a
solution.
DISSOLUTON
water reacts
with a mineral to form a new
mineral with the water as part
of its crystal structure. Most
common minerals weather by
hydrolysis.
HYDROLYSIS
is the reaction of rock
minerals with oxygen. Iron rusts when
it reacts with water and oxygen.
OXIDATION
the process of rock
minerals reacts when carbon dioxide
and water combines forming carbonic acid.
CARBONATION
The process of transporting the weathered material,
eventually depositing it in new location or environment (Sills,
2010).
EROSION
when those sediments
are deposited, or dropped off, in a
different location. Deposition adds
sediment to a land form.
DEPOSITION
are the two types of weathering
CHEMICAL and MECHANICAL
is NOT interconnected with Exogenic Processes
GEOSPHERE
is described as the breakdown of a rock into unconnected grains or chunks without changes in its composition
MECHANICAL WEATHERING
Exfoliation, frost wedging, root wedging, salt wedging, and thermal expansion are under
MECHANICAL WEATHERING
a kind of strain where rock can return to its original shape
ELASTIC DEFORMATION
the most common erosion agent
WATER
processes that is formed that is formed or occuring beneath the surface of the earth. it involves geologic activities
ENDOGENIC PROCESS
a process under the earth’s crust where formation and movement of magma occur. these happen when the lower part of the earth crust in the upper
MAGMATISM
How is magma formed?
-Earth is formed or generated through the process of partial melting
these are fractures in rocks that show little or no movement at all
JOINTS
melting in the mantle requires one of the three possible event to occur:
- an increase in temperature
- a decrease to pressure
-addition of volatiles
a process that leads to changes in mineral contents, texture, and chemical composition of a pre-existing rock.
METAMORPHISM
types of metamorphism
- CONTACT METAMORPHISM
- REGIONAL METAMORPHISM
happens when a rock minerals and texture changes due to heat
CONTACT METAMORPHISM
a change in the rock happens in a larger area, a large scale action of heat and pressure
REGIONAL METAMORPHISM
agents of metamorphism
- heat (most important)
-pressure - chemically active fluids
it is when rock is stretched or pulled apart
HEAT
when magma solidified, it becomes what?
IGNEOUS ROCKS
MAGMA is mostly composed of elements
SILICON AND OXYGEN
magma when extrudes to the earth’s crust it is called what?
LAVA
where does lava erupts?
VOLCANO
Where does magmatism happens?
ASTHENOSPHERE
magmatism happens when solid rocks melt through the process of what?
PARTIAL MELTING
name partial melting affected by three factors;
-TEMPERATURE
-PRESSURE
- VOLATILES
temperature increases, this process is known as what?
DECOMPRESSION MELTING
volatiles are added, this process is known as?
FLUX MELTING
where does flux melting happens?
SUBDUCTION ZONE
where does decomposition melting happens?
MID-OCEAN RIDGE
where does heat transfer happens?
SUBDUCTION ZONE
where does most minerals in Earth’s crust belong to?
SILICATES
is the physical characteristic of a mineral which break along smooth planes and are said to propose.
CLEAVAGE
- Many kinds of rocks and minerals must be mined to extracted the valuable elements they contain
MINING
this method is use when minerals deposits are located at or near the surface of the Earth.
SURFACE MINING
TYPE OF SURFACE MINES INCLUDES
- Open pit
- Surface coal mines
- Quarries
this method is used when mineral deposits are too deep within the Earth to be surface mined. It often requires the passageways to be dug into the earth to reach the ore.
SUBSURFACE/UNDERGROUND MINING
concentrates the minerals at the bottom of the magma chamber which will then become viable deposits as soon the system cools
CRYSTAL SETTLING
dissolves minerals and form ions that will later be precipitated back as highly concentrated minerals once the water starts to cool
HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES
pegmatite deposits are formed when minerals grown in large area.
PEGMATIZATION
happen when solutions lose the solvent carrying the solutes through evaporative processes
PRECIPITATION
surface water movement weathers and erodes rock
PLACER
makes the metals in minerals easier to extract later during processing
WEATHERING & GROUNDWATER ACTION
primarily used in the manufacture of glass
QUARTZ
a good conductor of electricity, it is used in all electrical wirings in building
COOPER MINERAL
is used as gemstone and as an important nickel ore.
NICKEL MINERALS
is ideal as an electrical insulator in high temperature power cables in aluminum plants, blast furnace, defense systems, heater, boiler, and flat iron.
MICA MINERALS
it serves as hardening alloy for steel, on the other hand, is an important components in the fabrication of machines, as well as in the manufacture of ferroalloys, dry cell batteries, disinfectants, glass decolorizer and paints
MANGANESE MINERAL
is mixed with carbon, it is turned into steel.
IRON METALS
– is chiefly used for jewelry
GYPSUM MINERAL
is commonly used in the ceramic, pottery, and glass industries
CERAMICS
– used in the production of stainless steel to induce hardness, toughness, and chemical resistance.
CHROMITE
used in the construction industry as cement raw material; in steel and glass industries as an acid neutralize
CALCITE
is mostly commonly used in manufacture of sulfur dioxide, which is utilized in the paper industry; and sulfuric acid
SULFUR
How can you prevent or lessen the environmental impact that results from the exploitation, extraction, and use of mineral resources?
RECYCLING, CONSERVATION, RESPONSIBLE MINING PRACTICES, POLICIES AND REGULATION, USE OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESOURCES
recycling of metals and other materials reduces the need for mining and extraction of new mineral resources
RECYCLING
measures such as reducing energy consumption and using alternative sources of energy reduces the demand for mineral resources
CONSERVATION
mining companies should adopt responsible mining pratices such as reducing waste generation, minimizing environmental impacts, and engaging with local communities.
RESPONSIBLE MINING PRACTICES
ensure sustainable use and exploitation of mineral resources.
POLICIES AND REGULATIONS
such as solar, wind and hydroelectric power reduces the dependence on fossil and minimize environmental impacts.
USE OF ALTERNANATIVE RESOURCES
- are used in making various kinds of steel
HAMITE AND WOLFRAMITE
are ores contain metals used in making coins
GOLD, HAMITE, AND SILVER
a natural heat from the interior of earth that is converted to heat buildings an degenerate electricity.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
is one of the oldest and largest sources of renewable energy, which uses the natural flow of moving water to generate electricity.
HYDROTHERMAL ENERGY
are burned to produce energy
FOSSIL FUELS
this can be used for combined heat and power (CHP) operations, can simply turned into electricity using combustion energy, fuel cell or gas turbine
BIOGAS
captures the heat beneath our feet by harnessing hot water or stream.
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
this was from hydrothermal vents is collected into a heat exchanger
HOT WATER
it is harnessed by using the chemical to produce electricity
ENERGY STORED BATTERIES
light energy is collected over what?
SOLAR ENERGY
is burned to generate heat
BIOMASS
steps on how geothermal power plant works
- HOT WATER
– STEAM
– TURBINE, GENERATOR
– COOLING TOWER
– INJECTION WELL
where does hydropower get its energy from?
MOVING WATER SOURCES
disadvantage of run-of-the-river hydropower?
RIVER MUST REMAIN FULL AND FLOWING IN ORDER TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY
what is it called when you generate electricity with a dam water?
HYDROELIC POWER
what benefit may come from dams?
PROVIDES POWER TO HOME BUSINESS
it is a benefit of hydro power plant
IT IS CLEAN; IT DOESN’T RELEASE POLLUTANT ON GREENHOUSE GASES
water present here; oceans, rivers, lakes, reservoir, ponds, and streams
SURFACE WATER
lies under the surface of the land, where it travels through and fills openings in the rocks.
UNDERGROUND WATERS
molecules determines the force of attraction between them in their liquid state
POLARITY
