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Applied Biochem > Saliva And Mucosal Defense Mechanisms- Exam III > Flashcards

Saliva And Mucosal Defense Mechanisms- Exam III Flashcards

1
Q

Cells involved in innate immunity include:

A

Macrophages, Dendritic cells, Mast cells, NK cells, granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils)

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2
Q

What protein is involved in innate immunity?

A

Complement protein

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3
Q

What cells are involved in adaptive immunity?

A

B cells, T cells (CD4+ T-cell, CD8+ T-cells)

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4
Q

What non cell component is involved in adaptive immunity?

A

Antibodies

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5
Q

What are our helper T cells?

A

CD4+

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6
Q

What are our cytotoxic T cells?

A

CD8+

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7
Q

What are the common components between the adaptive and innate immune cells?

A

____ T-Cells, and Natural Killer T-cells

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8
Q

The T in T cells stands for:

A

Thymus dependent lymphocyte

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9
Q

The B in B-cells stands for

A

Bursa of fabrics is lymphocytes

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10
Q

What are T and B cells derived from in humans?

A

multi potent hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow

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11
Q

T-cells are classified into subsets based on the cell-surface expression of:

A

CD4 or CD8 molecules

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12
Q

What type of T cells protect against intracellular microbes and function during cell-mediated immunity?

A

CD8 T cells ( Cytotoxic T cells )

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13
Q

B-cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells after activation by:

A

Helper T cells

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14
Q

Antibody secretion is seen in what type of immunity?

A

Humoral immunity

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15
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

Thymus and bone marrow

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16
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes and MALT

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17
Q

Produce reactive cells and eliminate self reacting cells:

A

Primary lymphoid organs (thymus and bone marrow)

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18
Q

Environment for proliferation, maturation, cell-cell interaction and cytokine-cell interaction:

A

secondary lymphoid organs

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19
Q

Lymphocytes and lymph returns to the blood via:

A

Thoracic duct

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20
Q

Naive lymphocytes enter lymph from the:

A

Blood

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21
Q

Antigens from sites of infection reach lymph nodes via:

A

Lymphatics

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22
Q

Molecules found on all nucleated cells of the body:

A

MHC class I

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23
Q

MHC class II molecules are normally restricted to:

A

Dendritic cells, Macrophages, and B-cells

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24
Q

What are our antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

A

Macrophages, dendritic cells, B-cells

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25
Q

What recognizes the complex of viral peptide with MHC class I and kills the infected cell?

A

Cytotoxic T-cells (CD8+)

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26
Q

How do the cytotoxic T-cells kill the infected cell presented by MHC class I>

A
  1. Perforin-mediated cell death
  2. Fas-mediated apoptosis
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27
Q

MHC class I is involved in what pathway?

A

Endogenous pathway

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28
Q

What pathway is MHC class II involved in?

A

Exogenous pathway

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29
Q

What subunits compose the T-cell receptor?

A

alpha and beta

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30
Q

What are the antigen presenting molecules?

A

Major Histocompatibility complexes (MHC)

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31
Q

In humans what are the MHC molecules called?

A

HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigens)

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32
Q

If we are talking about the cytosol and the endoplasmic reticulum as well as viral peptides we are referring to what class?

A

MHC Class I

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33
Q

If we are talking about endosomes, acidified vesicle proteases, fusion and pathogens/proteins we are referring to what class?

A

MHC Class 2

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34
Q

What recognizes the complex of bacterial peptides with MHC class II and activates the macrophage:

A

Type 1 helper T-cells

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35
Q

Intercellular killing is enhanced by type 1 helper cells releasing:

A

Interferon Gamma

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36
Q

What recognizes the complex of antigenic peptide MHC class II and activates B-cell?

A

Helper T-cell

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37
Q

Activation of ____ results in cytokine production require for proliferation and development into plasma cells

A

Type 2 helper T-cell

38
Q

The F(ab)2 region of the antibody functions in:

A

Antigen binding

39
Q

The Fc region of the antibodies functions to bind to Fc receptors on ______ and activate ____.

A

Phagocytes ; Complement

40
Q

Most antibody in serum, 4 subclasses, and long-term protection:

A

IgG

41
Q

Antibody that is a pentamer, usually the first antibody made during primary response, and excellent at binding complement proteins

A

IgM

42
Q

Antibody that functions in allergic (anaphylactic) responses and contains anti-parasitic properties:

A

IgE

43
Q

Antibody that is secretory dimer but circulatory monomer & is the first defense for mucosal surfaces:

A

IgA

44
Q

Number of binding sites on:
IgM
IgG
IgA
IgE
IgD

A

GED= 2
A= 4
M=10

45
Q

What antibody can cross the placenta?

A

IgG

46
Q

Main antibody of primary responses, best at fixing complement, & monomer form serves as B-cell receptor

A

IgM

47
Q

Main antibody of secondary responses, neutralizes toxins, opsonization

A

IgG

48
Q

Antibody secreted into mucous, tears, saliva, and colostrum

A

IgA

49
Q

Antibody of allergy and anti parasitic activity

A

IgE

50
Q

Antibody that is a B-cell receptor

A

IgD

51
Q

What are the 3 pairs of major salivary glands?

A
  1. Parotid
  2. Submandibular
  3. Sublingual
52
Q

Saliva is a complex _____ and slightly _____ fluid.

A

Hypotonic and slightly acidic

53
Q

Saliva is more than 99% _____ and less than 1% ____

A

Water and solid

54
Q

The less than 1% of solid components that comprise saliva are:

A

Proteins and electrolytes

55
Q

What percent of total amount of saliva is produced by the major salivary glands?

A

90%

56
Q

In a healthy person what is the daily secretion range of saliva and what is the average?

A

0.5-1L (range)

O.61 L (average)

57
Q

What type of saliva is produced by the parotid gland?

A

Purely serous

58
Q

What type of saliva is produced by the submandibular gland?

A

Mainly serous

59
Q

What type of saliva is produced by the sublingual gland?

A

Mainly mucous

60
Q

What type of saliva is produced by the minor glands?

A

Mainly mucous

61
Q

The exception to the minor glands producing mainly mucous secretions is the ______ gland that produces strictly serous secretions

A

Von Ebner’s

62
Q

Saliva functions in _____ and ____ of retrograde salivary gland infection

A

Lubrication and prevention

63
Q

Saliva functions in: formation and acquired:

A

Enamel and mucosal pellicles

64
Q

Saliva functions in: clearance of _____ and _____.

A

Dietary carbohydrates and microorganisms

65
Q

Saliva functions in taste an digestion by:

A

Dissolving and transporting substances

66
Q

What are the 3 activities that saliva functions in (defensive activities)

A

Antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal

67
Q

Saliva serves as a _______ to bacteria for the balance of oral microbiome

A

Nutritional source

68
Q

Saliva serves as a _____ through bicarbonate, phosphate and protein systems

A

Buffering capacity

69
Q

Highly glycosylated hydrophilic proteins produced by mucous acinar cells of the submandibular, sublingual and minor salivary glands that are important for lubrication and protection

A

Mucins

70
Q

Major enzyme in saliva that breaks down complex carbohydrates and is secreted from serous acinar cells of the parotid gland

A

Alpha amylase

71
Q

Amylase breaks down ingested starch into: (3)

A

Maltose
Maltotriose
Dextrins

72
Q

Amylase functions to facilitate bacterial ______ of carbs.

A

Fermentation

73
Q

Amylase facilitates ______ of bacteria to oral surfaces.

A

Adherence

74
Q

Amylase binds ______ and ______ to promote their clearance

A

S. Gordonii and S. Mitis

75
Q

______ serves to modulate adhesion, co-adhesion and colonization of microorganisms

A

Amylase

76
Q

Comprise lactoperoxidase, myeloperoxidase, thiocyanate ions and hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxidase systems

77
Q

Peroxidases catalyze the oxidation of ______ to hypothiocyanate by hydrogen peroxide

A

Thiocyanate

78
Q

The hypothiocyanate inhibits important bacterial ________ and exerts _______ effects on S. Mutans, lactobacilli, yeasts, several gram-negative species including periodontal pathogens and certain viruses

A

metabolic processes and anti-microbial effects

79
Q

Part of the innate salivary defense mechanism, and could be found in teh saliva, dental plaque, and salivary pellicles

A

Lysozyme

80
Q

Iron-bindng glycoprotein secreted by serous acinar cells of major and minor salivary glands.

A

Lactoferrin

81
Q

Lactoferrin could also come from:

A

Neutrophils and GCF

82
Q

Lactoferrin binds and sequesters iron depriving _____ and ______ from essential nutrients

A

Bacteria and yeast

83
Q

What are the three forms of Lactoferrin?

A
  1. Iron free (apolactoferrin)
  2. Ferric Lactoferrin
  3. Saturated Lactoferrin
84
Q

Lactoferrin also shows anti____ and anti____ activities

A

Antifungal and antiviral

85
Q

Constitute 25-30% of all salivary proteins and are produced by the parotid and submandibular glands

A

Proline-rich proteins

86
Q

Present in the saliva of the parotid and submandibular glands and is a phosphoprotein

A

Statherin

87
Q

Cysteine-containing phosophoroproteins, which have proteinase inhibiting properties, controlling proteolytic activity from the host or the microorganisms.

7 different proteoforms are present in saliva

A

Cystatins

88
Q

Family of cationic peptides produced by ductal cells of the major salivary glands. They exhibit anti-fungal acticity toward C. Albicans. They can bind to microbial cell membranes and promote aggregation and integrate into the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane (formation of pores)

A

Histatins

89
Q

The major classes of salivary immunoglobulins in human saliva (2)

A

IgA and IgG

90
Q

Salivary immunoglobulin SIgA works to prevent pathogens and antigens from gettin access to the oral epithelium. What is this process called?

A

Immune exclusion

91
Q

Prototype of cationic peptides, also found in saliva and GCF. Based on the pattern of cysteine-pairing there are two subfamilies

These peptides absorb onto the bacterial cell membranes, leading to aggregation and integration of into the lipid bilayer.

A

Salivary defensins

92
Q

Functions of GCF include: (3)

A
  1. Cleanse materials
  2. Improve adhesion of the epithelium to the tooth (through plasma proteins)
  3. Possess antimicrobial properties

Applied Biochem (18 decks)

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