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Protein Synthesis And Protein Function- Exam III Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryotic translation is driven by:

A

Ribosomes

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2
Q

What type of structure are ribosomes?

A

Multimeric

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3
Q

What rRNAs are involved in eukaryotic translation? (4)

A

28S
18S
5.8S
5S

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4
Q

Ribosomal machinery is assembled within the:

A

Nucleolus

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5
Q

What is unique about the nucleolus?

A

Not a membrane bound structure

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6
Q

What serves as guide RNAs to direct specific modifications of the rRNAs?

A

snoRNA (small nucleolar RNAs)

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7
Q

In eukaryotic translations, the modification on the 2-OH position of the nucleotide ribose sugar include:

A

~100 methylations of the 2-OH position

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8
Q

In eukaryotic translation, what modification occurs on uridine nucleotides creating psuedouridine?

A

~100 isomerizations

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9
Q

Ribosomes found in the cytosol (moving anywhere) - NOT found in nucleus and other organelles

A

Free ribosomes

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10
Q

If the protein being made contains an endoplasmic reticulum targeting sequences, then the ribosomes are associated with the:

A

Rough ER

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11
Q

Ribosomes associated with the rough ER are considered what type of ribosome?

A

Membrane bound ribosomes

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12
Q

There is a very specific _____ pathways associated with proteins made in the ribosome of the RER

A

Secretory pathways

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13
Q

What is read by the ribosomal machine as a triplet of sequential nucleotides (codon)

A

mRNA

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14
Q

Where does translation start?

A

5’ end of the mRNA

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15
Q

What do tRNAs have that basepair with the codons of mRNA

A

Anti-codon

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16
Q

TRNAs are “charged” by the addition of a specific _____ that corresponds to that codon.

A

Amino acid

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17
Q

The aminoacyl-tRNA is created by the action of enzymes called:

A

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

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18
Q

Protein translation uses basepairing between:

A

The codon (in mRNA) and the anticodon (in tRNA)

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19
Q

There is a ____ for each codon, anticodon pair.

A

TRNA

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20
Q

Steps of translation:

A

Activation, initiation , elongation, termination

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21
Q

Step of translation: formation of aminoacyl-tRNAs

A

Activation

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22
Q

Step of translation: binding of ribosome to 5’end of mRNA and subsequent binding of initiator Met-tNA

A

Initiation

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23
Q

Step of translation: synthesis of the peptide chain

A

Elongation

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24
Q

Step of translation: synthesis stops and peptide is released from the ribosome

A

Termination

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25
Q

The 3rd base of the anticodon triplet in the codon generates the wobble position and is generally the least important for:

A

Base pairing

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26
Q

Translation starts with AUG codon in the mRNA , which in about 90% of cases is the _____ in the mRNA

A

First AUG

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27
Q

Generally speaking how many stop codons are necessary to terminate translation?

A

2

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28
Q

A small ribosomal subunit attaches to the 5’ end of mRNA due to recognition of the:

A

5’cap structure

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29
Q

The small ribosomal subunit moves along the mRNA until it encounters the first methionine where _____ will bind.

A

Met-tRNA and the large ribosomal subunit

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30
Q

Aminoacyl tRNAs will bind the ____ site of the ribosome

A

A site (Aminoacyl- site)

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31
Q

The ribosome moves 5’ to 3’ along the mRNA. As the ribosome moves, the met-tRNA is simultaneously shifted to the ____ site.

A

P site (peptide site)

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32
Q

After the met-tRNA is shifted to the P site, the ____ is now open for the next aminoacyl-tRNA corresponding to the next codon to bind.

A

A- site

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33
Q

The process of translation largely uses what form of energy?

A

GTP

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34
Q

What type of bond is formed between the Met-tRNA and the new aminoacyl-tRNA in the A site.

A

Peptide bond

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35
Q

When peptide bond is formed between the Met-tRNA and the aminoacyl-tRNA , this forms a ____ in the A site and leaves and a ____ tRNA in the p-site

A

Dipeptide ; empty tRNA

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36
Q

Once the dipeptide is formed, leavening an empty tRNA in the p site, the ribosome then moves simultaneously discharging the empty tRNA and shifting the peptide into the:

A

P site

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37
Q

Once a stop codon is encountered, termination of the polypeptide chain involves ____ of the ester bond which release the protein.

A

Hydrolysis

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38
Q

Many antibiotics target:

A

Transcription or translation

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39
Q

Prevents RNA synthesis

A

Riamycin

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40
Q

Blocked the binding of the aminoacyl-tRNA to the A-site ( also binds newly forming mineralizing surfaces)

A

Tetracycline

41
Q

Prevents the switch from translation initiation to elongation and can also cause protein miscoding

A

Streptomycin

42
Q

Blocks the peptides transferase reaction so elongation is prevented

A

Chloramphenicol

43
Q

Blocks the ribosome exit channel in the ribosome so elongation is inhibited

A

Erythromycin

44
Q

What antibiotics have some type of mechanism dealing with elongation (translation step)

A

Streptomycin, chloramphenicol and erythromycin

45
Q

Linear sequence of amino acids

A

Primary structure

46
Q

Stretches in the polypeptide chain that form alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets

A

Secondary structure

47
Q

What are the two forms of the beta-pleated sheet?

A

Anti-parallel

Parallel

48
Q

Changes in amino acids sequence can have a profound effect on:

A

Protein structure and function

49
Q

The full 3 dimensional structure of a protein

A

Tertiary structure

50
Q

Designation used for proteins that have multiple polypeptide chains (subunits) and refers to teh complete structure of all subunits.

A

Quaternary structure

51
Q

Shared sequences of amino acids that can be used to identify potential members of a protein family

A

Protein motifs

52
Q

Share protein motifs generally equate to:

A

Similar functions

53
Q

Structural entities that function essentially independently within a protein

A

Protein domains

54
Q

Protein domains can be build from:

A

Specific motif or set of motifs

55
Q

A single protein can have _____motifs and domains

56
Q

Proteolytic enzyme cleavage sites and phosphorylation sites are examples of:

A

Protein sequence motifs

57
Q

RGD sequence and heparin binding sites are examples of:

A

Binding motifs

58
Q

Transmembrane spanning sequences and protein secretion leader sequences are examples of:

A

Protein sequence motifs

59
Q

Many proteins have a _____ structure which also appears in other proteins. These structural motifs are formed by the 3D arrangement of amino acids nad do not necessarily predict a biological function

A

Supersecondary

60
Q

What can be found in both proteins and DNA and generally have biological significance

A

Sequence motifs

61
Q

Common in transcription factors and consists of alpha helices bound by a looping stretch of amino acids (motif)

A

Helix-loop-helix

62
Q

DNA binding motif consisting of two alpha helices joined by a short stretch of amino acids

A

Helix-turn-helix

63
Q

DNA binding motif consisting of two beta strands

A

Zinc finger

64
Q

Alu, DNA transposing, LINE, SINE, SSRs, and etc. are all examples of:

A

DNA sequence repeat elements

65
Q

The odontoblasts cells form:

66
Q

What are the cells derived from the dental papilla?

A

Odontoblasts & undifferentiated mesenchymal cells fibroblasts

67
Q

What cells are derived from the dental follicle?

A

Cementoblasts, fibroblasts, osteoblasts

68
Q

Odontoblasts give rise to:

69
Q

Undifferentiated mesenchymal cell fibroblasts give rise to:

70
Q

Cementoblasts give rise to:

71
Q

Fibroblasts give rise to:

A

Periodontal ligament

72
Q

Osteoblasts give rise to:

A

Alveolar bone

73
Q

What cells are derived from the inner dental epithelium

A

Ameloblasts

74
Q

Ameloblasts give rise to:

75
Q

Major protein of enamel: that stabilizes the amorphous calcium phosphate phase, control of apatite crystal morphology and organization, and controls enamel thickness

A

Amelogenin

76
Q

Amelogenins have the ability toe______ into nano sphere and thereby guid HAP crystal formation and growth.

A

Self-assemble

77
Q

Major protein of enamel: cell adhesion protein, controls cell differentiation, and maintains rod integrity

A

Ameloblastin

78
Q

Major protein of enamel: cooperates with amelogenin to control mineral nuclear ion and elongated growth

79
Q

Major protein of enamel: Digests enamel proteins during maturation stage facilitating the removal and hardening the final layer of enamel

A

Kalikrein 4

80
Q

Major protein of enamel: Cleaves amelogenin, ameloblastin and enamelin at the secretory stage to produce stable intermediates with defined functions

81
Q

What is formed by ameloblasts and contians 90% amelogenin and 10% enamelin.

82
Q

In enamel, as appetite crystals grown, ____ is removed:

A

Amelogenin

83
Q

____ is high in proline, leucine, histidine, and glutamine, but contians no hydroxyproline of cystine.

A

Amelogenin

84
Q

There are two genes for amelogenin, one on the X and the other on the Y chormosome which result in minor in enamel between males and females. The gene on the X is: The gene on the Y is :

A

AMELX

AMELY

85
Q

The self assembly of amelogenin is dependent upon:

A

Hydrophilic C-terminus

86
Q

Occurs before the formation of enamel (reciprocal induction)

A

Dentin formation

87
Q

Odontoblasts differentiate from cells in the:

A

Dental papilla

88
Q

Secrete their organic matrix around the area that is directly adjacent to the inner enamel epithelium.

A

Odontoblasts

89
Q

When odontoblasts move toward the center of the center of the tooth they form:

A

Odontoblasts process

90
Q

Odontoblasts secrete _____ and mineralize matrix forming the mantle dentin

A

Hydroxy appetite crystals

91
Q

What is the major component found in dentin?

A

Type I collagen

92
Q

The small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins

A

SIBLING family proteins

93
Q

Immediately cleaved after secretion into DSP, DGP, and DPP

94
Q

Produced by odontoblasts and early-stage osteocytes

95
Q

Plays a role in biomineralization

A

Bone sialoprotein

96
Q

HA binding and contains and RGD motif, mineralization inhibitor

A

Osteopontin

97
Q

Matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein. Contains an RGD motif and in bone appears to be an inhibitor of mineralization

98
Q

Acellular cementum forms before ____

A

Cellular cementum

99
Q

The periodontal ligament is formed by _____ cells of the dental follical

A

Fibroblast cells

Applied Biochem (18 decks)

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