Innate And Adaptive Immunity- Exam III Flashcards
Totality of all our host defense mechanisms
Immune System
Component of the immune system that we are born with, genetically pre-determined
Innate immune system
The non-specific component of the immune system
Innate Immune System
Elements of the innate immune system include (3)
- Mucous secretions
- Complement proteins
- WBCs (specifically neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells)
What specific WBCs are involved in the innate immune system (3)
Dendritic cells, neutrophils, and macrophages
Component of the immune system that develops a specific targeted response to an antigen or pathogen
Adaptive immune system
Components of the adaptive immune system include: (2)
B-cells and T-cells
In addition to the B-cells and T-cells of the adaptive immune system, there also is a small number of genetically encoded proteins called antibody genes that produce:
Antibodies
Antibodies are capable of recognizing and destroying specific:
Antigens
What are some of the numerous tissues involved in the immune system
Lymphoid tissues, bone marrow, Kidney, spleen, intestines etc.
All of our cellular elements of the blood and immune system arise from _______ found in the bone marrow
Pleuripotent stem cells
What are some causes of diseases in humans?
DNA viruses, RNA viruses, bacterial infections, fungal infection, protozoan infection and worms
The early phase of the immune response is dependent on:
Innate immunity
During the early phase of immune response, there are a variety of innate resistance mechanisms used to:
Recognize and respond to the pathogen
What type of receptors does the innate immune system use?
Invariant receptors
What type of receptors recognize common features that are present on mostly all pathogens?
Invariant receptors
Where and when is the innate immune system present?
All individuals, all of the time
The thing that distinguishes the innate immune system from the adaptive immune system is that the innate immune system:
Does not increase its responsiveness with increased exposure
The innate immune system is able to distinguish between a group of related pathogens, but does not develop a specific response to:
Individual pathogens
What is the adaptive immune system responding to and by what?
Responding to the antigen by antigen-specific lymphocytes
The adaptive immune system involves the development of what type of memory?
Immunological memory
Adaptive immune responses involve _______ of lymphocytes
Clonal Selection
What is another name for adaptive immune response?
Acquired immune response
Lifelong protective immunity to reinfection by the same pathogen
Immunologic memory
Immediate innate immunity occurs within:
0-4 hrs
The first step of immediate innate immunity is categorized by
Infection
In immediate innate immunity the infection is recognized by: (2)
Preformed, nonspecific and broadly specific effectors
If the pathogen is not removed in the immediate response of innate immunity, the response will continue on to the ______ response of innate immunity.
Early induced
The early induced innate response occurs between:
4-96 hours
In the early induced innate response, what recognized within the infection?
Microbial associated molecular patterns
In early induced innate response, once the microbial-associated molecular patterns are recognized within the infection, what occurs? (2)
Inflammation recruitment and activation of effector cells
If the early induced innate response does not result in removal of the infectious agent, the immune response will proceed on to the:
Adaptive immune response
The adaptive immune response occurs after:
96 hrs
In the adaptive immune response phase, we have the transport of an antigen to:
Lymphoid organs
In adaptive immune response phase, following the transport of the antigen to the lymphoid organs, what occurs:
Recognition by naive B and T cells
In the adaptive immune response phase, once the antigen has been recognized by naive B and T cells, what occurs?
Clonal expansion and differentiation to effector cells
Major cells of the innate immune system: (5)
Macrophages, granulocytes, mast cells, dendritic cells, and Natural Killer cells
Major cells of the adaptive immune system: (4)
B-cells, T-cells, NK cells, and Plasma cells
What type of cell produces the antibodies and secretes them at large concentrations?
Plasma cells
The innate immune system includes cells from what lineage?
Myeloid
In the initial phase of infection triggering an immune response, bacteria trigger:
Macrophages to release cytokines and chemokines
What two things are accomplished by the release of cytokines and chemokines in an immune response?
- Increase in vascular dilation
- Increase in vascular permeability
In an immune response, the increase in vascular dilation leads to:
Redness
In an immune response, the increase of vascular permeability leads to:
Swelling
Why does the increase in vascular permeability cause swelling?
Because you are moving fluid from blood/lymph into the tissue
In an immune response, the increase in vascular dilation and permeability triggers ____ to transmigrate across epithelial cell layers
Neutrophils
In an immune response the neutrophils that migrate across the epithelial cell layer function to:
Gobble up the bacteria
In an immune response, the macrophages and dendritic cells reside reside where:
In the peripheral tissue
If the infection is not taken care of by the neutrophils, then what the next cells to come into play?
Immature dendritic cells
The immature dendritic cells called in after the neutrophils fail to control the infection, come from:
Peripheral tissues
The immature dendritic cells that also reside in our peripheral tissues, will grab ahold and _____ the invading microorganisms
Ingest
In an immune response, the immature dendritic cells migrate out of the _____ and through ______ and eventually into the _______.
Peripheral tissue, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes
Once the immature dendritic cells make it to the lymph nodes in an immune response, they will interact with _______, which will lead to their activation .
Naive T-cells
In an immune response once the naive T-cells have been activated by the mature dendritic cells in the lymph node, you then get activation of _____.
B-cells
In an immune response, when the T-cells activate the B-cells in the lymph node, this activation of the B-cells leads to :
Immune antibody resonse
What must infectious agent overcome in order to establish an infection?
Innate host defenses
because of the innate host defenses, infectious disease is generally:
Quite infrequent
What forms the first barrier against most microorganisms?
Epithelial mucosal surfaces
The epithelial (mucosal) surfaces that act as the first barrier agains most microorganisms have ______ if injured
Rapid repair mechanisms
What type of cells provide a physical barrier and innate immunity?
Mucosal epithelial cells
What type of cell secretes mucus that forms a dense, protective converting for the entire epithelial (commonly seen in GI system)
Goblet cells
What mechanism in the GI tract moves food and potential pathogens?
Peristalsis
In the upper respiratory tract, what cells captured inhaled pathogenic particles and expel them through their beating motion?
Ciliated epithelial cells
What cells produces antimicrobial peptides (commonly seen in saliva)
Paneth cells
Intraepithelial lymphocytes contain various: (type of cell)
T-cells
GALT
Gut-associated Lymphatic Tissue
Describe the mucosal tissue’s exposure to microbes and frequency.
Mucosal tissues are constantly exposed and frequently infected
Mucosal immunity is _____ rather than ______.
Proactive rather than reactive
The mucosal immunity is constantly making ______ immune responses against microbes
Adaptive
When talk about mucosal immunity making adaptive immune responses, what sector of immunity is this talking?
Innate immunity
What does the mucosal immunity generally not activate?
Inflammation
In the gut, inflammation would likely:
Exacerbate the infection
Mucosal immune responses do what to the tissue involved?
little damage
Because the mucosal tissues are constantly active in immune response, it contributes to:
Gut epithelial cells rapid replacement/turnover
What are the types of mucosal surfaces?
Type 1 & Type 2
Mucosal surface type covered by simple epithelium
Type 1
Mucosal surface type that expresses a simple polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) that allows the dimeric IgA to access the lumen
Type 1
In type 1 mucosal surface, the expression of pIgR allows for ______ to access the lumen.
Dimeric IgA
Examples of where you would find Type 1 mucosal surfaces?
Intestines, Lungs, Uterus
Mucosal surface type that is covered by a stratified squamous epithelium
Type 2
Mucosal surface type that provides physical protective barrier activities that are important for the host
Type 2
Examples of where you would find Type 2 mucosal surfaces?
Oral cavity, vaginal cavity
Name these tissues
- Simple squamous epithelium
- Stratified squamous epithelium
- Simple cuboidal epithelium
- Stratified cuboidal epithelium
- Simple columnar epithelium
- Stratified columnar epithelium
- Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What are the modes of transmission for Airway mucosal surfaces? (2)
Inhaled droplets & spores
What is the mode of transmission into the mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract?
Contaminated water or food
What is the mode of transmission of the mucosal surfaces of the reproductive tract?
Physical contact
The external epithelial routes of entry for infection include: (3)
- External surface
- Wounds & abrasians
- Insect bites
The modes of transmission for the external surface of the external epithelia: (1)
Physical contact
The mode of transmission for wound and abrasions for the external epithelia: (3)
- Minor skin abrasions
- Puncture wounds
- Handling infected animals
Mode of transmission for insect bites on the external epithelia: (2)
Mosquito bites, Deer tick bites
What can we categorize as modes of defense of our body:
Mechanical, chemical, microbiological
In the skin, gut, lungs, and eyes/nose what is a common mechanical defense against microbes?
Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions
Longitudinal flow of air or fluid is a mechanical defense of:
Skin and gut
Movement of mucous by cilia is a mechanical defense of the:
Lungs
Tears & Nasal cilia are a mechanical defense used by:
Eyes and nose
If we are talking about cilia, what type of defense would this be?
Mechanical
Fatty acids, Low pH, enzymes (pepsin & lysozyme) and antibacterial peptides are all forms of what defense?
Chemical
When the gut and skin display normal flora, this is an example of what type of defense?
Microbiological
When the dendritic cells migrate to the lymph nodes this signals:
Adaptive immunity
Specific antibodies, T-cell dependent macrophage activation, & cytotoxic t-cells are characteristics of what response?
Adaptive immune response
What are the mechanisms of phagocytes to deal with bacterial agents? (6)
- Acidification
- Toxic oxygen-derived products
- Toxic nitrogen oxides
- Antimicrobial peptides
- Enzymes
- Competitions
The acidification mechanism releases by phagocytes involves a pH of ____ and is considered ____.
PH~ 3.5-4.0
Bacterialstatic/bascterialcidal
Superoxides, hydrogen peroxides, singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radicals, and hyphoalite are all _______ that are produces/released by phagocytes
Toxic oxygen-derived products
The specific toxic nitrogen oxide that is produced by phagocytes/ release by phagocytes
Nitric Oxide (NO)
The antimicrobial peptides produced/released by phagocytes include:
Defensins and cationic proteins
What enzyme produced/released by phagocytes dissolves the cell walls of some gram + bacteria
Lysozyme
What enzyme produced/released by phagocytes further digests bacteria?
Acid hydrolases
What two competitors can phagocytes produce/release?
Lactoferrin & vitamin B12 binding protein
What type of columnar epithelial cell layer makes up the GI tract?
Villus Type
Interspersed between the villus type epithelial cells making up the GI tract are ______ cells
Paneth cells
The paneth cells produce:
Alpha & beta type defensins
The alpha beta type defensins produced by paneth are ______ in nature
Antibacterial
The contains _____ that secretes mucus
Goblet cells
In the large intestine, you have both:
Outer and inner mucous layer
What are defensins (produced by paneth cells)
Antimicrobial peptides
What layer do the bacteria in the large intestine reside in? Describe layer
Outer mucosal layer, looser layer
in the intestines, if the antigen does get in contact with the epithelial layer and manages to get inside, then this will trigger the innate immune system, and where this triggering event occurs is referred to as:
Inductive site
Where an initial immune triggering event occurs
Inductive site
An important cell of the gut involved with the inductive site:
M- cell
What site finishes the antigen clearance?
Effector site
The most important part of the lymph node:
Germinal center
What takes place inside the germinal center of the lymph node?
Clonal selection & Expansion
If a B-cell moves into a germinal center of a lymph and undergoes clonal expansion, what is it doing?
Dividing a lot
In the process of a B-cell undergoing clonal expansion in a germinal center of lymphnode, what is occurring during clonal clonal expansion:
Somatic hypermutation
What the expands repertoire of potential antibodies that can recognize an antigen
Somatic hypermutation
After somatic hypermutation occurs in the germinal center, _____ takes place.
Selection
After selection in the germinal center takes place, you will hopefully have _______ cells produced to secrete ______.
Plasma cells; antibody
- selection
-somatic hypermutation
-differentiation
-class switching - clonal expansion
If a naive B cell travels into a germinal center of a lymph node describe the order of events that will occur to ultimately produces plasma cells and memory B cells:
- Clonal expansion
- Somatic hypermutation
- Selection
- Class switching
- Differentiation
What do we want ultimately to come out of the germinal center of the lymph node:
Memory B cells and Plasma cells
Clonal expansion starts with a single _____ that gives rise to a large number of _______, each with a different specificity.
Progenitor cells; lymphocytes
In clonal expansion what gives the lymphocytes made from the progenitor cells different specificity?
Different receptors
(During clonal expansion) The lymphocytes with receptors that recognize self antigens or that are potentially self reaction get:
Get removed/ destroyed
In clonal expansion, what removes the potentially self-reactive immature lymphocytes:
Clonal deletion
The lymphocytes with non-self receptors will continue on to form:
A pool of mature but naive lymphocytes
In clonal expansion, the pool of mature but naive lymphocytes remain in this pool until:
A foreign antigen is presented
In clonal expansion, when a foreign antigen is presented to the pool of mature but naive lymphocytes, it will bind to a specific of a certain lymphocyte resulting in:
Proliferation and differentiation of activated specific lymphocytes
During clonal expansion, the proliferation and differentiation of an activated specific lymphocyte causes what to form?
A clone of effector cells
in clonal expansion what ultimately eliminates the antigen?
Effector cells
For each pathogen we encounter, we will develop specific:
Antibodies to that pathogen
Structure of antibody
Two light chains and one heavy chain
In an antibody what are the light chains and heavy chains connected by?
Cysteine bridges
What region is found in the heavy chain of an antibody?
Constant region
What region is found in the light chains of antibodies?
Variable region
The variable region of antibodies is the:
Antigen binding site
The constant region of antibodies has what type of function?
Effector fxn
The effector function of the constant region on antibodies utilizes mechanisms that are:
Constant to all antibodies
What is the name of a activated B-cell?
Plasma cell
What type of cell secretes antibodies?
Plasma cell (activated B-cell)
In addition to antibodies, T-cells have receptors that have both:
Variable and constant regions
The diversity of antibodies is generated by:
Somatic gene-segment rearrangements
The light chains of antibodies contain what two parts:
Variable region and joining segment
What are the gene clusters on light chains of antibodies:
Kappa cluster (Cs 2)
Lambda cluster (Cs 22)
How many heavy genes are there on antibodies and what chromosomes are they located on?
5 and Cs 14
How many total different light chains on antibodies?
290
How many heavy chain variable regions?
13,800
How many total binding specificities of antibodies?
4,002,000
In addition the numerous total binding specificities, antibodies can also display ______ changes to between teh different gene segments to increase the specificity of the variable region.
Single nucleotide changes
Antibodies recognize:
Surface epitopes
Specific regions within antigens that antigen receptors bind:
Epitopes
T-cells receptors recognize:
Buried epitopes
In order for a t-cell receptor to recognize buried epitopes the antigen must first be:
Broken down into peptide fragments
When the antigen containing the buried epitope is broken down into peptide fragments, the epitope peptide binds to a self molecule called an:
MHC molecule
When a T-cell binds to a buried epitope it is ultimately binding to:
A complex of MHC molecule + epitope peptide
What molecule presents the previously buried epitope peptide on its surface to be bound by a T-cell receptor?
MHC molecule
What are the 3 ways antibodies participate in host defense?
- Cells with nonspecific receptors recognize toxins
- Bacteria in extracellular spaces picked up by macrophages
- Bacteria in the plasma
The nonspecific receptors of cells that pick up bacterial toxins function in the process of ________ by nonspecific antibodies.
Neutralization
If the bacteria exists in the extracellular space, and is picked up by the macrophage you can have _____.
Opsonization
If the bacteria gets into the bloodstream/plasma the we will have:
Complement activation and clearance
Neutralization, opsonization, and complement activation all result in:
Ingestion
Large locus of DNA that encodes genes for cell surface receptors that are essential for the adaptive immune response
MHC molecules
What type of response are MHC molecules essential for?
Adaptive response
Class of MHC molecules that collect peptides derived from proteins synthesized in the cytosol from viral infection and displays those peptides on the cell surface.
MHC class I
Class of molecules that bind peptides derived from proteins in intracellular vesicles and display those on cell surface
MHC class II
What MHC class has a single transmembrane-spanning domain?
MHC class I
What MHC class has two transmembrane-spanning domains?
MHC class II
Where do both the MHC I and II display the peptide?
On surface
Cytotoxic T-cell recognizes complex of viral peptide with _______ and kills the infected cell
MHC class I
Viral infections deal with what MHC class? Anything else deals with MHC class?
Class I; class 2
MHC class I engages what type of cell? MHC class II engages what type of cells?
Cytotoxic T cells
Helper T cells
What are antigen presenting cells?
Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, and B cells
