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Applied Biochem > Innate And Adaptive Immunity- Exam III > Flashcards

Innate And Adaptive Immunity- Exam III Flashcards

1
Q

Totality of all our host defense mechanisms

A

Immune System

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2
Q

Component of the immune system that we are born with, genetically pre-determined

A

Innate immune system

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3
Q

The non-specific component of the immune system

A

Innate Immune System

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4
Q

Elements of the innate immune system include (3)

A
  1. Mucous secretions
  2. Complement proteins
  3. WBCs (specifically neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells)
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5
Q

What specific WBCs are involved in the innate immune system (3)

A

Dendritic cells, neutrophils, and macrophages

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6
Q

Component of the immune system that develops a specific targeted response to an antigen or pathogen

A

Adaptive immune system

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7
Q

Components of the adaptive immune system include: (2)

A

B-cells and T-cells

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8
Q

In addition to the B-cells and T-cells of the adaptive immune system, there also is a small number of genetically encoded proteins called antibody genes that produce:

A

Antibodies

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9
Q

Antibodies are capable of recognizing and destroying specific:

A

Antigens

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10
Q

What are some of the numerous tissues involved in the immune system

A

Lymphoid tissues, bone marrow, Kidney, spleen, intestines etc.

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11
Q

All of our cellular elements of the blood and immune system arise from _______ found in the bone marrow

A

Pleuripotent stem cells

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12
Q

What are some causes of diseases in humans?

A

DNA viruses, RNA viruses, bacterial infections, fungal infection, protozoan infection and worms

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13
Q

The early phase of the immune response is dependent on:

A

Innate immunity

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14
Q

During the early phase of immune response, there are a variety of innate resistance mechanisms used to:

A

Recognize and respond to the pathogen

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15
Q

What type of receptors does the innate immune system use?

A

Invariant receptors

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16
Q

What type of receptors recognize common features that are present on mostly all pathogens?

A

Invariant receptors

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17
Q

Where and when is the innate immune system present?

A

All individuals, all of the time

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18
Q

The thing that distinguishes the innate immune system from the adaptive immune system is that the innate immune system:

A

Does not increase its responsiveness with increased exposure

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19
Q

The innate immune system is able to distinguish between a group of related pathogens, but does not develop a specific response to:

A

Individual pathogens

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20
Q

What is the adaptive immune system responding to and by what?

A

Responding to the antigen by antigen-specific lymphocytes

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21
Q

The adaptive immune system involves the development of what type of memory?

A

Immunological memory

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22
Q

Adaptive immune responses involve _______ of lymphocytes

A

Clonal Selection

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23
Q

What is another name for adaptive immune response?

A

Acquired immune response

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24
Q

Lifelong protective immunity to reinfection by the same pathogen

A

Immunologic memory

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25
Q

Immediate innate immunity occurs within:

A

0-4 hrs

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26
Q

The first step of immediate innate immunity is categorized by

A

Infection

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27
Q

In immediate innate immunity the infection is recognized by: (2)

A

Preformed, nonspecific and broadly specific effectors

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28
Q

If the pathogen is not removed in the immediate response of innate immunity, the response will continue on to the ______ response of innate immunity.

A

Early induced

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29
Q

The early induced innate response occurs between:

A

4-96 hours

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30
Q

In the early induced innate response, what recognized within the infection?

A

Microbial associated molecular patterns

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31
Q

In early induced innate response, once the microbial-associated molecular patterns are recognized within the infection, what occurs? (2)

A

Inflammation recruitment and activation of effector cells

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32
Q

If the early induced innate response does not result in removal of the infectious agent, the immune response will proceed on to the:

A

Adaptive immune response

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33
Q

The adaptive immune response occurs after:

A

96 hrs

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34
Q

In the adaptive immune response phase, we have the transport of an antigen to:

A

Lymphoid organs

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35
Q

In adaptive immune response phase, following the transport of the antigen to the lymphoid organs, what occurs:

A

Recognition by naive B and T cells

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36
Q

In the adaptive immune response phase, once the antigen has been recognized by naive B and T cells, what occurs?

A

Clonal expansion and differentiation to effector cells

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37
Q

Major cells of the innate immune system: (5)

A

Macrophages, granulocytes, mast cells, dendritic cells, and Natural Killer cells

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38
Q

Major cells of the adaptive immune system: (4)

A

B-cells, T-cells, NK cells, and Plasma cells

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39
Q

What type of cell produces the antibodies and secretes them at large concentrations?

A

Plasma cells

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40
Q

The innate immune system includes cells from what lineage?

A

Myeloid

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41
Q

In the initial phase of infection triggering an immune response, bacteria trigger:

A

Macrophages to release cytokines and chemokines

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42
Q

What two things are accomplished by the release of cytokines and chemokines in an immune response?

A
  1. Increase in vascular dilation
  2. Increase in vascular permeability
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43
Q

In an immune response, the increase in vascular dilation leads to:

A

Redness

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44
Q

In an immune response, the increase of vascular permeability leads to:

A

Swelling

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45
Q

Why does the increase in vascular permeability cause swelling?

A

Because you are moving fluid from blood/lymph into the tissue

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46
Q

In an immune response, the increase in vascular dilation and permeability triggers ____ to transmigrate across epithelial cell layers

A

Neutrophils

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47
Q

In an immune response the neutrophils that migrate across the epithelial cell layer function to:

A

Gobble up the bacteria

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48
Q

In an immune response, the macrophages and dendritic cells reside reside where:

A

In the peripheral tissue

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49
Q

If the infection is not taken care of by the neutrophils, then what the next cells to come into play?

A

Immature dendritic cells

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50
Q

The immature dendritic cells called in after the neutrophils fail to control the infection, come from:

A

Peripheral tissues

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51
Q

The immature dendritic cells that also reside in our peripheral tissues, will grab ahold and _____ the invading microorganisms

A

Ingest

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52
Q

In an immune response, the immature dendritic cells migrate out of the _____ and through ______ and eventually into the _______.

A

Peripheral tissue, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes

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53
Q

Once the immature dendritic cells make it to the lymph nodes in an immune response, they will interact with _______, which will lead to their activation .

A

Naive T-cells

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54
Q

In an immune response once the naive T-cells have been activated by the mature dendritic cells in the lymph node, you then get activation of _____.

A

B-cells

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55
Q

In an immune response, when the T-cells activate the B-cells in the lymph node, this activation of the B-cells leads to :

A

Immune antibody resonse

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56
Q

What must infectious agent overcome in order to establish an infection?

A

Innate host defenses

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57
Q

because of the innate host defenses, infectious disease is generally:

A

Quite infrequent

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58
Q

What forms the first barrier against most microorganisms?

A

Epithelial mucosal surfaces

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59
Q

The epithelial (mucosal) surfaces that act as the first barrier agains most microorganisms have ______ if injured

A

Rapid repair mechanisms

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60
Q

What type of cells provide a physical barrier and innate immunity?

A

Mucosal epithelial cells

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61
Q

What type of cell secretes mucus that forms a dense, protective converting for the entire epithelial (commonly seen in GI system)

A

Goblet cells

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62
Q

What mechanism in the GI tract moves food and potential pathogens?

A

Peristalsis

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63
Q

In the upper respiratory tract, what cells captured inhaled pathogenic particles and expel them through their beating motion?

A

Ciliated epithelial cells

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64
Q

What cells produces antimicrobial peptides (commonly seen in saliva)

A

Paneth cells

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65
Q

Intraepithelial lymphocytes contain various: (type of cell)

A

T-cells

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66
Q

GALT

A

Gut-associated Lymphatic Tissue

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67
Q

Describe the mucosal tissue’s exposure to microbes and frequency.

A

Mucosal tissues are constantly exposed and frequently infected

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68
Q

Mucosal immunity is _____ rather than ______.

A

Proactive rather than reactive

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69
Q

The mucosal immunity is constantly making ______ immune responses against microbes

A

Adaptive

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70
Q

When talk about mucosal immunity making adaptive immune responses, what sector of immunity is this talking?

A

Innate immunity

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71
Q

What does the mucosal immunity generally not activate?

A

Inflammation

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72
Q

In the gut, inflammation would likely:

A

Exacerbate the infection

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73
Q

Mucosal immune responses do what to the tissue involved?

A

little damage

74
Q

Because the mucosal tissues are constantly active in immune response, it contributes to:

A

Gut epithelial cells rapid replacement/turnover

75
Q

What are the types of mucosal surfaces?

A

Type 1 & Type 2

76
Q

Mucosal surface type covered by simple epithelium

A

Type 1

77
Q

Mucosal surface type that expresses a simple polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) that allows the dimeric IgA to access the lumen

A

Type 1

78
Q

In type 1 mucosal surface, the expression of pIgR allows for ______ to access the lumen.

A

Dimeric IgA

79
Q

Examples of where you would find Type 1 mucosal surfaces?

A

Intestines, Lungs, Uterus

80
Q

Mucosal surface type that is covered by a stratified squamous epithelium

A

Type 2

81
Q

Mucosal surface type that provides physical protective barrier activities that are important for the host

A

Type 2

82
Q

Examples of where you would find Type 2 mucosal surfaces?

A

Oral cavity, vaginal cavity

83
Q

Name these tissues

A
  1. Simple squamous epithelium
  2. Stratified squamous epithelium
  3. Simple cuboidal epithelium
  4. Stratified cuboidal epithelium
  5. Simple columnar epithelium
  6. Stratified columnar epithelium
  7. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
84
Q

What are the modes of transmission for Airway mucosal surfaces? (2)

A

Inhaled droplets & spores

85
Q

What is the mode of transmission into the mucosal surface of the gastrointestinal tract?

A

Contaminated water or food

86
Q

What is the mode of transmission of the mucosal surfaces of the reproductive tract?

A

Physical contact

87
Q

The external epithelial routes of entry for infection include: (3)

A
  1. External surface
  2. Wounds & abrasians
  3. Insect bites
88
Q

The modes of transmission for the external surface of the external epithelia: (1)

A

Physical contact

89
Q

The mode of transmission for wound and abrasions for the external epithelia: (3)

A
  1. Minor skin abrasions
  2. Puncture wounds
  3. Handling infected animals
90
Q

Mode of transmission for insect bites on the external epithelia: (2)

A

Mosquito bites, Deer tick bites

91
Q

What can we categorize as modes of defense of our body:

A

Mechanical, chemical, microbiological

92
Q

In the skin, gut, lungs, and eyes/nose what is a common mechanical defense against microbes?

A

Epithelial cells joined by tight junctions

93
Q

Longitudinal flow of air or fluid is a mechanical defense of:

A

Skin and gut

94
Q

Movement of mucous by cilia is a mechanical defense of the:

A

Lungs

95
Q

Tears & Nasal cilia are a mechanical defense used by:

A

Eyes and nose

96
Q

If we are talking about cilia, what type of defense would this be?

A

Mechanical

97
Q

Fatty acids, Low pH, enzymes (pepsin & lysozyme) and antibacterial peptides are all forms of what defense?

A

Chemical

98
Q

When the gut and skin display normal flora, this is an example of what type of defense?

A

Microbiological

99
Q

When the dendritic cells migrate to the lymph nodes this signals:

A

Adaptive immunity

100
Q

Specific antibodies, T-cell dependent macrophage activation, & cytotoxic t-cells are characteristics of what response?

A

Adaptive immune response

101
Q

What are the mechanisms of phagocytes to deal with bacterial agents? (6)

A
  1. Acidification
  2. Toxic oxygen-derived products
  3. Toxic nitrogen oxides
  4. Antimicrobial peptides
  5. Enzymes
  6. Competitions
102
Q

The acidification mechanism releases by phagocytes involves a pH of ____ and is considered ____.

A

PH~ 3.5-4.0
Bacterialstatic/bascterialcidal

103
Q

Superoxides, hydrogen peroxides, singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radicals, and hyphoalite are all _______ that are produces/released by phagocytes

A

Toxic oxygen-derived products

104
Q

The specific toxic nitrogen oxide that is produced by phagocytes/ release by phagocytes

A

Nitric Oxide (NO)

105
Q

The antimicrobial peptides produced/released by phagocytes include:

A

Defensins and cationic proteins

106
Q

What enzyme produced/released by phagocytes dissolves the cell walls of some gram + bacteria

A

Lysozyme

107
Q

What enzyme produced/released by phagocytes further digests bacteria?

A

Acid hydrolases

108
Q

What two competitors can phagocytes produce/release?

A

Lactoferrin & vitamin B12 binding protein

109
Q

What type of columnar epithelial cell layer makes up the GI tract?

A

Villus Type

110
Q

Interspersed between the villus type epithelial cells making up the GI tract are ______ cells

A

Paneth cells

111
Q

The paneth cells produce:

A

Alpha & beta type defensins

112
Q

The alpha beta type defensins produced by paneth are ______ in nature

A

Antibacterial

113
Q

The contains _____ that secretes mucus

A

Goblet cells

114
Q

In the large intestine, you have both:

A

Outer and inner mucous layer

115
Q

What are defensins (produced by paneth cells)

A

Antimicrobial peptides

116
Q

What layer do the bacteria in the large intestine reside in? Describe layer

A

Outer mucosal layer, looser layer

117
Q

in the intestines, if the antigen does get in contact with the epithelial layer and manages to get inside, then this will trigger the innate immune system, and where this triggering event occurs is referred to as:

A

Inductive site

118
Q

Where an initial immune triggering event occurs

A

Inductive site

119
Q

An important cell of the gut involved with the inductive site:

A

M- cell

120
Q

What site finishes the antigen clearance?

A

Effector site

121
Q

The most important part of the lymph node:

A

Germinal center

122
Q

What takes place inside the germinal center of the lymph node?

A

Clonal selection & Expansion

123
Q

If a B-cell moves into a germinal center of a lymph and undergoes clonal expansion, what is it doing?

A

Dividing a lot

124
Q

In the process of a B-cell undergoing clonal expansion in a germinal center of lymphnode, what is occurring during clonal clonal expansion:

A

Somatic hypermutation

125
Q

What the expands repertoire of potential antibodies that can recognize an antigen

A

Somatic hypermutation

126
Q

After somatic hypermutation occurs in the germinal center, _____ takes place.

A

Selection

127
Q

After selection in the germinal center takes place, you will hopefully have _______ cells produced to secrete ______.

A

Plasma cells; antibody

128
Q
  • selection
    -somatic hypermutation
    -differentiation
    -class switching
  • clonal expansion

If a naive B cell travels into a germinal center of a lymph node describe the order of events that will occur to ultimately produces plasma cells and memory B cells:

A
  1. Clonal expansion
  2. Somatic hypermutation
  3. Selection
  4. Class switching
  5. Differentiation
129
Q

What do we want ultimately to come out of the germinal center of the lymph node:

A

Memory B cells and Plasma cells

130
Q

Clonal expansion starts with a single _____ that gives rise to a large number of _______, each with a different specificity.

A

Progenitor cells; lymphocytes

131
Q

In clonal expansion what gives the lymphocytes made from the progenitor cells different specificity?

A

Different receptors

132
Q

(During clonal expansion) The lymphocytes with receptors that recognize self antigens or that are potentially self reaction get:

A

Get removed/ destroyed

133
Q

In clonal expansion, what removes the potentially self-reactive immature lymphocytes:

A

Clonal deletion

134
Q

The lymphocytes with non-self receptors will continue on to form:

A

A pool of mature but naive lymphocytes

135
Q

In clonal expansion, the pool of mature but naive lymphocytes remain in this pool until:

A

A foreign antigen is presented

136
Q

In clonal expansion, when a foreign antigen is presented to the pool of mature but naive lymphocytes, it will bind to a specific of a certain lymphocyte resulting in:

A

Proliferation and differentiation of activated specific lymphocytes

137
Q

During clonal expansion, the proliferation and differentiation of an activated specific lymphocyte causes what to form?

A

A clone of effector cells

138
Q

in clonal expansion what ultimately eliminates the antigen?

A

Effector cells

139
Q

For each pathogen we encounter, we will develop specific:

A

Antibodies to that pathogen

140
Q

Structure of antibody

A

Two light chains and one heavy chain

141
Q

In an antibody what are the light chains and heavy chains connected by?

A

Cysteine bridges

142
Q

What region is found in the heavy chain of an antibody?

A

Constant region

143
Q

What region is found in the light chains of antibodies?

A

Variable region

144
Q

The variable region of antibodies is the:

A

Antigen binding site

145
Q

The constant region of antibodies has what type of function?

A

Effector fxn

146
Q

The effector function of the constant region on antibodies utilizes mechanisms that are:

A

Constant to all antibodies

147
Q

What is the name of a activated B-cell?

A

Plasma cell

148
Q

What type of cell secretes antibodies?

A

Plasma cell (activated B-cell)

149
Q

In addition to antibodies, T-cells have receptors that have both:

A

Variable and constant regions

150
Q

The diversity of antibodies is generated by:

A

Somatic gene-segment rearrangements

151
Q

The light chains of antibodies contain what two parts:

A

Variable region and joining segment

152
Q

What are the gene clusters on light chains of antibodies:

A

Kappa cluster (Cs 2)
Lambda cluster (Cs 22)

153
Q

How many heavy genes are there on antibodies and what chromosomes are they located on?

A

5 and Cs 14

154
Q

How many total different light chains on antibodies?

A

290

155
Q

How many heavy chain variable regions?

A

13,800

156
Q

How many total binding specificities of antibodies?

A

4,002,000

157
Q

In addition the numerous total binding specificities, antibodies can also display ______ changes to between teh different gene segments to increase the specificity of the variable region.

A

Single nucleotide changes

158
Q

Antibodies recognize:

A

Surface epitopes

159
Q

Specific regions within antigens that antigen receptors bind:

A

Epitopes

160
Q

T-cells receptors recognize:

A

Buried epitopes

161
Q

In order for a t-cell receptor to recognize buried epitopes the antigen must first be:

A

Broken down into peptide fragments

162
Q

When the antigen containing the buried epitope is broken down into peptide fragments, the epitope peptide binds to a self molecule called an:

A

MHC molecule

163
Q

When a T-cell binds to a buried epitope it is ultimately binding to:

A

A complex of MHC molecule + epitope peptide

164
Q

What molecule presents the previously buried epitope peptide on its surface to be bound by a T-cell receptor?

A

MHC molecule

165
Q

What are the 3 ways antibodies participate in host defense?

A
  1. Cells with nonspecific receptors recognize toxins
  2. Bacteria in extracellular spaces picked up by macrophages
  3. Bacteria in the plasma
166
Q

The nonspecific receptors of cells that pick up bacterial toxins function in the process of ________ by nonspecific antibodies.

A

Neutralization

167
Q

If the bacteria exists in the extracellular space, and is picked up by the macrophage you can have _____.

A

Opsonization

168
Q

If the bacteria gets into the bloodstream/plasma the we will have:

A

Complement activation and clearance

169
Q

Neutralization, opsonization, and complement activation all result in:

A

Ingestion

170
Q

Large locus of DNA that encodes genes for cell surface receptors that are essential for the adaptive immune response

A

MHC molecules

171
Q

What type of response are MHC molecules essential for?

A

Adaptive response

172
Q

Class of MHC molecules that collect peptides derived from proteins synthesized in the cytosol from viral infection and displays those peptides on the cell surface.

A

MHC class I

173
Q

Class of molecules that bind peptides derived from proteins in intracellular vesicles and display those on cell surface

A

MHC class II

174
Q

What MHC class has a single transmembrane-spanning domain?

A

MHC class I

175
Q

What MHC class has two transmembrane-spanning domains?

A

MHC class II

176
Q

Where do both the MHC I and II display the peptide?

A

On surface

177
Q

Cytotoxic T-cell recognizes complex of viral peptide with _______ and kills the infected cell

A

MHC class I

178
Q

Viral infections deal with what MHC class? Anything else deals with MHC class?

A

Class I; class 2

179
Q

MHC class I engages what type of cell? MHC class II engages what type of cells?

A

Cytotoxic T cells

Helper T cells

180
Q

What are antigen presenting cells?

A

Macrophages, Dendritic Cells, and B cells

Applied Biochem (18 decks)

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