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Applied Biochem > Development- Exam IV > Flashcards

Development- Exam IV Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 important concepts of embryonic development?

A
  1. Universal mechanisms of animal development
  2. Proteins can be substituted across species
  3. Inductive signaling
  4. Regional determination
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2
Q

Once the cell mass has start to form a particular tissue, and is committed to forming that tissue:

A

Regional determination

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3
Q

What are the classes of signaling proteins that are used over and over again as inducers in animal development? (5)

A
  1. Receptor tyrosine kinase
  2. TGF-beta superfamily
  3. WNT
  4. Hedgehog
  5. Notch
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4
Q

EGF, FGF, and Ephrins are all ligand families involved in what signaling pathway?

A

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase

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5
Q

TGFB, BMP, and Nodal are all ligand families involved in what signaling pathway?

A

TGFB- superfamily

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6
Q

The delta ligand family is involved in what signaling pathway?

A

Notch

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7
Q

Typically, RTK pathways bind to their:

A

Own family of receptors

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8
Q

What is the largest family that includes the bone morphogenic proteins?

A

TGF-B superfamily

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9
Q

RTK, TGFB superfamily, WNT, Hedgehog, and Notch are all pathways found in all animals and are all important in different:

A

Developmental paradigms

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10
Q

In the process of tooth development: it starts off with an _______ and _____ .

A

Ectoderm and mesenchyme layers

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11
Q

In tooth development: The ectoderm and mesenchyme layers eventually form:

A

Dental placode

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12
Q

In tooth morphogenesis, from one stage to the next, different ____ are activated:

A

Signaling pathways

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13
Q

In tooth development: the signaling pathways that are activated in the _______ trigger signaling pathways in the _____.

A

Ectoderm; mesenchyme

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14
Q

The concept of proteins being substituted across different species has 2 important principles that include:

A
  1. Multicellular organisms are enriched in proteins mediating cell interactions and gene regulation
  2. Regulatory DNA defines the development program
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15
Q

Every nucleated cell in our body has a record of the:

A

Development program

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16
Q

Due to every cell in our body having a record of the developmental program- this means that virtually any cell in our body could:

A

Give rise to an entire organism under the right conditions

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17
Q

Inductive signaling includes (4)

A
  1. Cell-cell signaling
  2. Cell signaling cascades
  3. Signaling over great distances
  4. Starting points
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18
Q

_____ & _____ signaling function in inductive signaling:

A

Autocrine and paracrine

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19
Q

Signals that act over great distances:

A

Morphogenes

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20
Q

Morphogenes _____ out from the cell that they started at and then ____ the cells that they come into contact with.

A

Diffuse; alter

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21
Q

In terms of inductive signaling there is always a:

A

Starting point

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22
Q

The starting point in inductive signaling can be either:

A

Single cell or cluster of cells producing an inductive signal

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23
Q

With inductive signaling, what cells will see the highest concentration of morphogen?

A

The cells closest to the source

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24
Q

Cells a great distance from the source releasing the morphogen will:

A

Receive a lower concentration of the morphogen

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25
Q

The resulting phenotype of differentiated state that the cell achieves is a result of:

A

The numerous inductive signals acting on it

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26
Q

As the inductive signal is produces, the cells immediately surrounding that source begin to develop in:

A

A new developmental pathway

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27
Q

This images shows an example of:

A

Sequential signaling

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28
Q

Sequential singaling can result in a build up of:

A

Very complex multicellular layers

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29
Q

Sequential induction can be described as what type of process?

A

Back and forth

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30
Q

When cells are committed to forming a certain structure or layer, this is considered:

A

Regional determination

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31
Q

If you have a group of differentiated cells that are committed to creating thoracic vertebra and you take these cells out and put them in the cervical region of a different organism, what would be the end result?

A

Thoracic vertebra in the cervical region

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32
Q

What are the 4 essential processes by which an embryo is constructed?

A
  1. Cell proliferation
  2. Cell specialization
  3. Cell interaction
  4. Cell movement
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33
Q

What essential process is this in embryo construction? And what is occurring?

A

Cell proliferation- cells are increasing in number

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34
Q

What essential process is this in embryo construction? And what is occurring?

A

Cell specialization- where one cell changes into something more specific

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35
Q

Through inductive signaling processes and their reciprocal induction processes one cell changes into something that is going to be a different tissue or cell type. This process is called:

A

Cell specialization and differentiation

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36
Q

What essential process is this in embryo construction? And what is occurring?

A

Cell interaction: as cells divide they have different interactions with eachother dependent on cell type

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37
Q

What essential process is this in embryo construction? And what is occurring?

A

Cell movement- as gastrulation takes places these cells begin to migrate to ultimately determine location in final structures

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38
Q

The developmental processes in embryo formation are being repeated over and over again through out the animal kingdom however what factor varies?

A

Speed at which it takes place

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39
Q

Dependent upon the species, the ___ & ____ of the offspring varies.

A

Size and number

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40
Q

Cells produced by cleavage get organized into layers and groups of cell masses through what is known as:

A

Gastrulation

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41
Q

Process by which genetic material is used to drive cellular functions

A

Gene expression

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42
Q

Process by which a cell or group of cells secrete factors that influence neighboring cells:

A

Inductive signaling

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43
Q

Once embryonic tissues reach a certain stage of development, they are committed to form their adult structures independent of:

A

Their environment

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44
Q

Process by which the bilaminar embryonic disc becomes the 3 key germ cell layers needed to generate all the tissues/organs in the body:

A

Gastrulation

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45
Q

During the process of gastrulation, the bilaminar embryonic disc becomes:

A

3 key germ cell layers

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46
Q

Embryonic cell populations that are formed between the developing neural tube and the epidermis. These cells migrate at very restricted pathways to give rise to many of the craniofacial structures:

A

Neural crest cells

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47
Q

Describe the path that neural crest cells migrate along:

A

Very restricted

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48
Q

Neural crest cells are embryonic cell populations formed between:

A

Developing neural tube and epidermis

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49
Q

Neural crest cells give rise to many of the:

A

Craniofacial structures

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50
Q

A specialized set of genes that contain a homeodomain motif that carry a permanent record of positional information used to specify patterning:

A

Hox genes

51
Q

the homeodomain motif:

A

Homeobox

52
Q

Genetic programs that are precisely coordinated to create complex tissues and organs relies on:

A

Patterning

53
Q

What are the 3 dimensions that patterning must occur in:

A
  1. Anterior-posterior
  2. Dorsal-ventral
  3. Proximal-distal
54
Q

In the process of patterning: anterior-posterior dimension refers to:

A

Top to bottom

55
Q

In the process of patterning: dorsal ventral dimension refers to:

A

Left-right

56
Q

In the process of patterning: proximal-distal refers to:

A

Front-back

57
Q

Since we are all 3D organisms, patterning must occur:

A

3-dimensionally

58
Q

The stage of embryonic development where cells begin to form specific and specialized structures:

A

Differentiation

59
Q

The stage of embryonic development where cell divisions form more cells with identical functions as the parental cell:

A

Growth

60
Q

In cell growth (during embryonic development) the cell divisions that form more cells must have identical function to the:

A

Parental cell

61
Q

In every species and at every level of organization, complex structures are made by:

A

Repeating a few basic themes with variations

62
Q

If gastrulation fails to happen, then:

A

The embryo is not compatible with life

63
Q

In humans, around day 15 of embryonic development, what is occurring:

A

Bilaminar disc formation and invagination

64
Q

The invagination of the bilaminar disc during embryonic development, defines: (3)

A

Left side from right side
Head from tail
Front from back

65
Q

Up at the head end of the neural tube, a pit forms and this is called:

A

Henson’s Node

66
Q

The hensons node will result in the formation of:

A

Primitive streak

67
Q

As the primitive streak begins to form, cells from this layer begin to:

A

Migrate

68
Q

The cells migrating from the primitive streak, will migrate into the interiors and some of these cells will replace the ______ and form the _____.

A

Hypoblast (bottom layer) ; endoderm

69
Q

The bottom layer of cells that get replaced with cells that are going to form the endoderm:

A

Hypoblast

70
Q

The inner mass of the bilaminar disc will get filled up with migrating cells and from the:

A

Mesoderm

71
Q

Once the mesoderm area is filled up with migrating cells, the remainder of these cells will form the:

A

Ectoderm

72
Q

Ultimately, the process of gastrulation will result in the formation of what 3 cell layers?

A

Ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

73
Q

All tissues in the body from from either the:

A

Ectoderm, endoderm, or mesoderm

74
Q

Cells that can renew and give rise to multiple different cell types:

A

Stem Cells

75
Q

Some neural crest cells exhibit:

A

Stemness

76
Q

The restricted pathways that the neural cells migrate along are formed due to:

A

Specific morphogen growth factors

77
Q

The invagination that forms on the neural plate border will ultimately give rise to:

A

The neural tube

78
Q

The specific regions that neural crest cells migrate from in terms of craniofacial structures:

A

Rhombomeres

79
Q

If you don’t have the correct number or location of neural crest cells migrating out from a specific rhombomere, the associated structure will:

A

Not develop correctly

80
Q

Craniofacial structures develop as a result of:

A

Restricted movement of neural crest cells from the rhombomeres

81
Q

Layer between the ectoderm and endoderm:

A

Mesoderm

82
Q

Once we have formed the neural tube and other internal structures, the mesoderm layer will start getting :

A

Signals

83
Q

Somites form from the:

A

Paraxial mesoderm

84
Q

The somites formed from the paraxial mesoderm will start getting signals from:

A

Neural tube & notochord

85
Q

The signals received from the neural tube and notochord by the somites will tell the somites to:

A

Change the way they differentiate

86
Q

After receiving signals from the neural tube and mesoderm, the somites will differentiate into the:

A

Dermamyotome & sclerotome layers

87
Q

What signals do the somites get that ultimately makes them differentiate into dermamyotome & sclerotome?

A

Ventralizing, dorsalizing, and lateralizing signals

88
Q

In the process of paraxial mesoderm development and differentiation: the segmental plate mesoderm will give rise to:

A

Epithelial somites

89
Q

In the process of paraxial mesoderm development and differentiation: The epithelial somites will give rise to:

A

Dermamyotome and sclerotome

90
Q

In the process of paraxial mesoderm development and differentiation: The dermamyotome gives rise to:

A

Dermatomes & myotomes

91
Q

In the process of paraxial mesoderm development and differentiation: dermatomes give rise to:

A

Dermis

92
Q

In the process of paraxial mesoderm development and differentiation: myotomes give rise to:

A

Epaxial skeletal muscle & hypaxial skeletal muscle

93
Q

In the process of paraxial mesoderm development and differentiation: The sclerotome give rise to:

A

Ribs, vertebra, base of skull, & some facial muscles

94
Q

What drives the developmental process an dhow do we know what genes need to be turned on?

A

Developmental program embedded in the DNA

95
Q

What is the ultimate type of gene control responsible for embryological development:

A

Hierarchical gene control

96
Q

The first genes to be turned on: (the initial genes)

A

Coordinate genes

97
Q

Coordinate genes turn on:

A

Gap genes

98
Q

Genes that can regulate themselves and other members of their family, as well as turning on things like homeotic selector genes and the pair-rule genes:

A

Gap genes

99
Q

Most important genes in the hierarchy of gene control

A

Homeotic genes

100
Q

Replacement of one body part with another:

A

Homeosis

101
Q

Genes responsible for establishing the fate of different segments

A

Homeotic genes

102
Q

All of the products of homeotic genes are responsible for:

A

Regulating other genes

103
Q

The homeotic genes all contain a highly conserved:

A

DNA binding homeodomain

104
Q

The highly conserved DNA binding homeodomain of the homeotic genes is a:

A

60 amino acid sequence

105
Q

Since the homeodomain is 60 amino acids long, it gives rise to:

A

180 base pairs of DNA

106
Q

What are the most critical in terms of regulating, patterning, and determining other structures:

A

Hox genes

107
Q

The corresponding segment in the 180 BP DNA sequence is called:

A

Homeobox

108
Q

Hox genes are interspersed amongst the genome but the DNA to be organized:

A

Into structures

109
Q

Hox genes are interspersed amongst large stretches of:

A

Regulatory DNA regions

110
Q

Hox genes are expressed _____ according to their order in the Hox complex

A

Sequentially

111
Q

The Hox complex contains a permanent record of:

A

Positional information

112
Q

There are hundreds of other homeobox genes in the genomes, but what makes the hox genes unique is that:

A

They are clustered into complexes (not scattered)

113
Q

The Hox genes must be expressed in what type of pattern?

A

Temporal and spatial

114
Q

Cleft lip and cleft palate is a genetic defect that occurs early in:

A

Fetal development

115
Q

In humans, the lip forms between:

In humans, the palate forms between:

A

4th & 7th week of pregnancy

6th & 9th week of pregnancy

116
Q

The formation of craniofacial structures in early development requires the proper migration and number of:

A

Neural crest cells and their differentiation

117
Q

Diagnose each type of cleft lip:

A

Unilateral incomplete, unilateral complete, B/L Complete

118
Q

Diagnose the cleft palate:

A
  1. Incomplete cleft palate
  2. Unilateral complete lip and palate
  3. Bilateral complete lip and palate
119
Q

Dolly the sheep was created by a process of an unfertilized egg that had its _____ and ______ removed.

A

Mitotic spindle and associated chromosomes

120
Q

In dolly the sheep, _____from an oviduct were merged into the unfertilized enucleated egg.

A

Epithelial cells

121
Q

The complexity of an animal is a function of the:

A

Gene expression control systems that drives development

122
Q

Multicellular organisms are enriched in proteins that mediate: (2)

A

Cell-cell interactions & control gene expression

123
Q

Cells in the adult organism retains record of ______, which is necessary for them to maintain their specialized characteristics.

A

Signals they received in early embryonic development

Applied Biochem (18 decks)

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