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Applied Biochem > Cell Cycle Control And Cell Division Part II- Exam IV > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Control And Cell Division Part II- Exam IV Flashcards

1
Q

Passage through the start checkpoint in late G1 launches DNA replication and the ______ of the cell cycle

A

S phase

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2
Q

DNA replication occurs at specific sites:

A

Origins of replication

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3
Q

The initiated phase of DNA replication is divided into two steps:

A
  1. Late mitosis early G1
  2. Onset of S phase
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4
Q

In the first initiate step of DNA replication in late mitosis-early G1: _____ assembles at the origins of replication

A

Pre-replication complex

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5
Q

In second step of initiation of DNA replication in the onset of S phase is when the pre-replication complex ______ the formation of the _______.

A

Nucleates the formation of the pre-initiation complex

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6
Q

The pre-replication complex is formed by various molecules including:

A

Cdc6 and Cdt1 and then also a helicase

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7
Q

This pre-replication complex occurs in:

A

G1

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8
Q

The pre-replication complex forms at the

A

Origins of replciation

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9
Q

After the pre-replication process is formed, its waiting on:

A

The right signals

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10
Q

THe signal that the phosphorylation complex is waiting on is:

A

S-cyclin cdk

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11
Q

The s-cyclin CDK is present in the s-phase of the cell cycle because of:

A

The G1/S CDK activity that proceeds it

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12
Q

The S-cyclin will function to phosphorylate the _____ thereby degrading it:

A

Cdc6

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13
Q

After the s-cyclin has degraded the cdc6, another set of proteins come in called the:

A

Pre-initiation complex

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14
Q

The pre-initiation complex functions to:

A

Launch DNA replication

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15
Q

At the end of DNA replication is when the ____ phase starts:

A

G2M

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16
Q

The three steps of G1, S, & G2/M:

  1. Starts with the _____
  2. Add ___, ___, and _____ to form the pre-replication complex
  3. The pre-replication complex is converted into a ___ by addition of proteins that bind to the DNA through the action of _____, phosphorylating other proteins present and the DNA is opened up by the action of ____

Once DNA replication is complete, you enter the _____ checkpoint

A
  1. Origin of replication
  2. Cdc6, cdt1, helicase
  3. Pre-initiation complex; S-CDK, helicase

G2/M

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17
Q

What cell cycle phase does this process occur in:

Formation of the pre-replication complexes at all the replication origins:

A

G1

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18
Q

What cell cycle phase does this process occur in:

Starts by the formation of the pre-initiation complex’s, and initiation is driven by the S-CDK

A

S

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19
Q

What cell cycle phase does this process occur in:

DNA replication occurs

A

S phase

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20
Q

What cell cycle phase does this process occur in:

M-CDK comes along and that triggers chromosome separation and cytokinesis to create the daughter cells

A

G1

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21
Q

What cell cycle phase does this process occur in:

Assembly of the pre-replication complexes at the origin of replication

A

G1

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22
Q

If we are talking about the g2/M checkpoint, which phase of the cell cycle is this associated with

A

Mitosis

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23
Q

The G2M check point is responsible for insuring that:

A

All the DNA has been properly replicated

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24
Q

What molecules activity abruptly increases at the G2/M checkpoint?

A

M-CDK

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25
Q

Abrupt increases of the M-CDK activity at the G2/M checkpoint drives:

A

Entry into mitosis and early mitosis event

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26
Q

Responsible for inducing the assembly of the mitotic spindle, chromosome condensation, promotes breakdown of nuclear envelope, rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton and Golgi apparatus

A

M-CDK mediated phosphorylation of specific proteins

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27
Q

Events triggered by M-CDK mediated phosphorylating of specific proteins in conjunction to other families of protein kinases: (4)

A
  1. Induces the assembly of mitotic spindle
  2. Chromosome condensation
  3. Promotes the breakdown of the nuclear envelope
  4. Rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton and Golgi apparatus
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28
Q

How long does it take mitosis from start to finish?

A

1 hrs

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29
Q

5 phases of mitosis:

A

Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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30
Q

The interphase events of mitosis encompass:

A

G1/G0 phase
S phase
G2 phase

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31
Q

What phase is separate from Interphase?

A

M phase

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32
Q

At prophase the replicated chromosomes consist of:

A

Two closely associated sister chromatids

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33
Q

What phase of mitosis is this:

Intact nuclear envelope
Centrosomes forming outside the nucleus, beginning to move apart
Forming mitotic spindle
Condensing replicated chromosomes consisting of two chromatids

A

Prophase

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34
Q

Allows for the chromosomes to attach to spindle microtubules via their kinetic horse:

A

Breakdown of nuclear envelope

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35
Q

What phase of mitosis is this:

Breakdown of nuclear envelope
Chromosomes attach to spindle microtubules via their kinetichore
Chromosomes in active motion

A

Prometaphase

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36
Q

Important for the moving apart of chromosomes:

A

Kinetichores

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37
Q

What phase of mitosis is this:

Chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the spindle
Kinetichore microtubules attach sister chromatids to opposite poles of the spindle

A

Metaphase

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38
Q

What phase of mitosis is this:

Sister chromatids synchronously separate to form two daughter chromosomes
Kinetichore microtubules shorten
Spindle poles move apart

A

Anaphase

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39
Q

What phase of mitosis is this:

Set of daughter chromosomes at the spindle pole
Set of daughter chromosomes decondense
new nuclear envelope assembles around each set
Contractile ring starts to form

A

Telophase

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40
Q

What marks the end of mitosis

A

Completing the formation of 2 nuclei

41
Q

During telophase the division of the cytoplasm beings with:

A

Contraction of contractile rings

42
Q

Cytoplasm is divided into two by a contractile ring of actin and myosin filaments, which pinches the cell in two to create two daughter cells each with one nucleus:

A

Cytokinesis

43
Q

Separation of the two daughter cells is accomplished through

A

Cytokinesis

44
Q

Following cytokinesis each daughter cell will have a complete _____ surrounding all of the _____

A

Nuclear envelope; chromosomes

45
Q

Following cytokinesis we have:

A

Two identical daughter cells

46
Q

When fewer ribosomes are made for example (in the ESCO2 mutation), this will ultimately lead to:

A

Decrease protein synthesis

47
Q

Prenatal growth retardation (mild to severe), craniofacial abnormalities such as microcephalic and cleft lip/palate in limb malformations due to a homozygous mutation in ESCO2:

A

Roberts syndrome

48
Q

Roberts syndrome is due to a ____ mutation in the gene _____.

A

Homozygous mutation; ESCO2

49
Q

ESCO2 is the gene responsible for encoding a _____ important for the formation of the cohesion complex that binds to chormosomes and creates cohesion between sister chromatids:

A

Acetyl transferase

50
Q

The acetyl transferase encoded by the ESCO2 is important in the formation of the:

A

Cohesion complex

51
Q

The cohesion complex is responsible for binding chromosomes and creating:

A

Cohesion between sister chromatids

52
Q

Studies suggest that ESCO2 mutation lead to decreased:

A

Ribosome production

53
Q

The metaphase to anaphase transition involves:

A

Proteolysis

54
Q

During proteolysis:

1.The APC/C protein binds to _____ producing an active APC/C molecule

2.This process is regulated by:

  1. The active m-CDK complex ubiquinylates and degrades a protein called _____.
  2. Securin is normally bound to an and inactive protein called ____.
  3. When the securin is ubiquinylated and subsequently degrades, the separase becomes ____.
A
  1. CDC20
  2. M-CDK
  3. Securin
  4. Separase
  5. Active
55
Q

Molecule responsible for breaking down the cohesion complexes that hold the sister chromatids together:

A

Activated separase

56
Q

The breakdown of the cohesion complexes by activated separase occurs during:

A

Anaphase

57
Q

What are the 3 types of basic signals that control cell division:

A
  1. Mitogens
  2. Growth factors
  3. Survival factors
58
Q

Stimulate cell division mainly by stimulating G1/S-CDK activity that inhibits intracellular negative controls that block the progression through the cell-cycle

A

Mitogens

59
Q

Stimulate cell growth (increase cell mass) by stimulating protein synthesis and inhibiting protein degradation.

A

Growth factors

60
Q

Suppress programmed cell death (apoptosis)

A

Survival factors

61
Q

Mitogens act through a highly generalized:

A

Cascade of MAPK

62
Q

In the MAPK cascade, the initial stimulase stimulates a:

A

MAPKKK

63
Q

The stimulation of the MAPKKK will lead to the stimulation of _____ which leads to the stimulation of ______ and ultimately leading to ______.

A

Stimulus——> MAPKKK—-> MAPKK—-> MAPK——> Biological response

64
Q

When Mitogens bind to their cell surface receptor, they will trigger:

A

Multiple intracellular signaling pathways

65
Q

One major pathway that the Mitogens trigger is the:

A

small GTPase Ras signaling proteins

66
Q

The Ras protein lead to the activation of a ______.

A

MAP Kinase cascade

67
Q

When the Ras leads to tacitvation of a MAP Kinase cascade that leads to the activation of:

A

Multiples early gene expression

68
Q

Genes that are turned on very early or almost immediately after a Mitogens binds to its receptor:

A

immediate early gene expression

69
Q

One of the immediate early gene expressions is a gene called:

A

Myc

70
Q

Myc is thought to promote cell cycle entry by:

A

Increasing the expression of genes encoding the G1 cyclins

71
Q

Results in increased G1-CDK activity :

A

Myc increasing the expression of genes encoding G1 cyclins

72
Q

One of the key functions of G1-CDK is to activate the:

A

E2F proteins

73
Q

The E2F proteins are:

A

Gene regulatory factors

74
Q

Normally, the E2F proteins are inhibited by an interaction between E2F and the:

A

Retinoblastoma protein family (Rb)

75
Q

What is responsible for phosphorylating the Rb protein:

A

G1-CDK

76
Q

When the Rb protein gets phosphorylated by G1-CDK, this: (3)

A
  1. Renders it inactive
  2. Reduces its binding to EF2
  3. Frees EF2
77
Q

When the EF2 is free it:

A

activates the expression of target genes

78
Q

One of the immediate downstream targets of activated E2F is:

A

S-cyclin

79
Q

The E2F protein, when activated, leads to:

A

S-phase of gene transcription

80
Q

What can directly lead to cell growth:

A

Growth factor & extracellular factor

81
Q

What can directly lead to cell division:

A

Mitogens & extracellular factor

82
Q

What causes cell growth to go into cell division:

A

Extracellular factor

83
Q

Summary of Mitogens induced cell cycle entry and S-phase initiation:

  1. Mitogens binds to its receptor leading to the activation of _____
  2. The activation of RAS leads to the activation of _____.
  3. The activation of MAPK leads to a _____
  4. The transcription factor binds to _____.
  5. The immediate early genes lead to the ____
  6. Myc expression leads to the activation of _____
  7. Eventually you get DNA synthesis through early inhibition of ____.
A
  1. Ras protein
  2. MAPK
  3. Transcription factor
  4. Immediate early genes
  5. Myc expression
  6. G1-CDK
  7. Rb protein
84
Q

_____ signals through PI3 kinase/AKT signaling

A

EGF

85
Q

EGF works through what 3 pathways?

A
  1. ERK pathway
  2. JAK/STAT pathway
  3. PI3 Kinase/ AKT pathway
86
Q

EGF pathway that lead to increase protein synthesis:

A

PI3/AKT pathway

87
Q

EGF pathway that leads to cell survival and protein synthesis

A

ERK pathway

88
Q

The EGF pathway that leads to cell survival

A

JAK/STAT

89
Q

Growth factor that has an effect on cell-cycle progression:

A

TGF beta

90
Q

When TGF beta binds to the Type I and Type II receptor complex, that leads to:

A

SMAD pathway

91
Q

What proteins does the SMAD pathway target?

A

P15 and P21

92
Q

The P15 and P21 proteins that are targeted by SMAD resulting in teh inhibitors of:

A

Cyclin E and Cyclin D

93
Q

Occurring at the same time of SMAD activating P21 and P15, there is a secondary pathway that leads to the inhibition of:

A

CDC25

94
Q

The growth factors are ultimately shutting down the cell cycle process in favor of:

A

Growth

95
Q

When growth factors bind to their receptors they lead to:

A

A series of intracellular events

96
Q

The signaling events in many instances resulting from growth factors binding their receptors in many instances involve:

A

PI3 Kinase

97
Q

The PI3 kinase leads to the intracellular signaling molecule:

A

PIP3

98
Q

Downstream, PIP3 leads to the activation of the:

A

TOR pathway

99
Q

The TOR pathway eventually leads to:

A

Protein synthesis and growth

Applied Biochem (18 decks)

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