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Applied Biochem > Cellular Adhesion- Exam III > Flashcards

Cellular Adhesion- Exam III Flashcards

1
Q

What are tight junctions categorized as?

A

Occluding junction

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2
Q

What seals gaps between epithelial cells and the restricts the flow of substances between cells and forces the substance to go through the cell

A

Tight jxn

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3
Q

What type of junctions are cell-cell anchoring junctions?

A

Adherens & Desmosomes

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4
Q

What type of junction connects the actin filament bundles in one cell to that in the next cell?

A

Adherens junctions

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5
Q

What type of junction connects the intermediate filaments in one cell to those in the next cell

A

Desmosomes

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6
Q

What type of junction is a gap junction categorized as?

A

Channel-forming junction

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7
Q

What type of junction allows the passage of small water-soluble molecules form cell to cell?

A

Gap junction

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8
Q

What are our types of cell-matrix anchoring junctions?

A
  1. Actin- linked cell matrix adhesion anchors
  2. Hemidesmosomes
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9
Q

What type of junction anchors actin filaments in cell to the ECM?

A

Actin-linked cell-matrix adhesion anchor-

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10
Q

What type of junction anchors intermediate filaments in a cell to the ECM?

A

Hemidesmosomes

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11
Q

What are the adherens junctions transmembrane adhesion protein?

A

Cadherins

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12
Q

What are the desmosomes transmembrane adhesion protein?

A

Cadherin

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13
Q

Actin-linked cell matrix adhesion anchors use what type of transmembrane protein?

A

Integrin

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14
Q

Hemidesmosomes use what type of transmembrane adhesion protein?

A

Integrin and collagen

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15
Q

We have junctions that connect _____ to _____ and then junction s that connect _____ to _____.

A

Cells to cells

Cells to ECM basement membrane (Basement lamina)

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16
Q

What cellular junctions involve the ECM?

A
  1. Actin-linked cell matrix adhesion anchors
  2. Hemidesmosomes
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17
Q

What cell junctions involve cell-cell connections?

A
  1. Tight junctions
  2. Adherens
  3. Desmosomes
  4. Gap junctions
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18
Q

How many principles are there for cell adhesion?

A

6

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19
Q

Principle one: How doe cells define their capacity for adhesion?

A

By selective expressing certain plasma membrane receptors

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20
Q

When cells define their capacity for adhesion, they selectively express certain plasma membrane receptors, what are these receptors?

A

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

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21
Q

CAMs generally have:

A

Limited ligand binding activity

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22
Q

Generally cells expressing the proper mix of receptors is part of a genetic program for the:

A

Differentiation of the cell

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23
Q

Second principle: many adhesion proteins bind ______, and many ligands bind _______.

A

Bind one main ligand; bind a single type of receptor

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24
Q

In accordance to the one-to-one pairing rule for adhesion proteins binding one main ligand or ligands binding a single receptor, there are many:

A

Exceptions to this rule

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25
Q

What is an example of an exception to the one to one binding rule to the second principle of adhesion

A

Integrin family of receptors

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26
Q

The integrin family of receptors generally bind:

A

More than one ligand

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27
Q

Some ligands such as fibronectin, bind:

A

More than one integrin

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28
Q

What is the family of cellular adhesion molecules that prefer to bind to themselves (they promote the adhesion of like cells)

A

Cadherins

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29
Q

When a cell adhesion molecule binds itself promoting the adhesion of like cells is an example of what type of interaction?

A

Hemophiliac interaction

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30
Q

Association of like receptors on two cells

A

Homophilic interaction

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31
Q

Cadherins require

A

calcium

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32
Q

What do selectins bind?

A

Anionic polysaccharides

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33
Q

Selectins generally bring:

A

Two different cell types together

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34
Q

What would bind an anionic polysaccharide like those on mucins?

A

Selectins

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35
Q

What do most Ig-CAMS bind?

A

Other cell surface adhesion proteins

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36
Q

Association of unlike receptors on two cells

A

Heterophilic interaction

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37
Q

Ig-CAMS display what type of binding interactions?

A

Heterophilic interactions

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38
Q

Cadherins are associated with ______ interactions while Ig-CAMS are associated with _____ interactions

A

Homophilic; heterophilic

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39
Q

What type of cellular adhesion molecules bind a variety of ligands and ECM molecules?

A

Intergrins

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40
Q

Examples of an ECM molecules that integrin may bind:

A

Fibronectin and Laminin

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41
Q

Example of a soluble protein that Integrin may bind:

A

Fibrinogen

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42
Q

Soluble protein that circulates in the blood and functions in the clotting pathway

A

Fibrinogen

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43
Q

What is the transmembrane protein associated with adherens junctions?

A

Classical cadherin

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44
Q

What extracellular ligand does adherens junctions bind to?

A

Cadherin in the neighboring cell

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45
Q

What intercellular cytoskeletal attachment is involved with adherens junctions?

A

Actin filaments

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46
Q

Adherens junctions and desmosomes are both:

A

Cell-cell junctions

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47
Q

What transmembrane adhesion proteins are associated with desmosomes?

A

Cadherin (Desmoglein & Desmocollin)

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48
Q

What extracellular ligand is associated with desmosomes?

A

Desmoglein an desmocollin in neighboring cell

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49
Q

What intracellular cytoskeletal attachment is associated with desmosomes?

A

Intermediate filaments

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50
Q

Actin-lined cell- matrix adhesion molecules and hemidesmosomes are both:

A

Cell-matrix junctions

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51
Q

What is the transmembrane adhesion protein is associated with actin linked cell matrix adhesion junctions?

A

Integrin

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52
Q

What extracellular ligand is associated with actin-linked cell matrix adhesion?

A

ECM proteins

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53
Q

What intracellular cytoskeletal attachment is associated with actin-linked cell-matrix adhesion junctions?

A

Actin filaments

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54
Q

What transmembrane adhesion protein is associated with hemidesmosomes?

A

Integrin and collagen

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55
Q

What extracellular ligand is associated with hemidesmosomes?

A

Extracellular matrix protein

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56
Q

What intracellular cytoskeletal attachment is associated with hemidesmosomes?

A

Intermediate filaments

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57
Q

Generally speaking, anchoring proteins do not directly bind to the intercellular filaments but do so through:

A

Recruitment of anchoring filament

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58
Q

Third principle: How do cells modulate there adhesion?

A
  1. Controlling the surface density
  2. Controlling state of aggregation
  3. Controlling state of activation

(Of adhesion receptor)

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59
Q

____ reflects not only the level of synthesis but also the portioning of adhesion molecules between teh plasma membrane and intracellular storage compartments

A

Surface adhesion

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60
Q

An example of cells modulating surface density, state of aggregation, and state of activation of their adhesion receptors is:

A

Endothelial cells expressing p-selectin

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61
Q

What do cadherins control?

A

The selective assortment of cells

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62
Q

Cells can sort themselves out according to ___ and ___ of the cadherins they express

A

Type & Level

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63
Q

Cells can also separate out based on the ____ of the cadherins they express

A

Density

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64
Q

What are calcium dependent adhesion molecules?

A

Cadherins

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65
Q

What are cadherins critical for?

A

Establishing and maintaining intercellular connections

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66
Q

Cadherins appear to be crucial to the:

A

Spatial segregation of cell types

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67
Q

How are cadherins anchored into the cell?

A

Catenins

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68
Q

What is the anchoring complex of proteins for cadherins?

A

Catenins

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69
Q

The cadherin-catenin complex forms the ____ junctions that connect epithelial cells together

A

Classic adherens junctions

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70
Q

What do catenins bind to in the cytoskeleton of the cell?

A

Actin

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71
Q

What is the cadherin bridge dependent on?

A

Calcium

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72
Q

4th principal of adhesion: The rates of ____ and ___ are important determinants of cellular adhesion

A

Ligand binding and dissociation

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73
Q

When a cell surface adhesion protein binds their ligands weakly, this allows for:

A

Rapidly reversible interactions

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74
Q

When multiple weak interactions cluster together to stabilizes the adherens and desomsomes junctions- the combined strength of these bonds is said to increase the:

A

Avidity of the interaction

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75
Q

Strength of interaction:

A

Avidity

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76
Q

Fifth principle: What do many adhesion receptors interact with inside the cell?

A

Cytoskeleton

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77
Q

What links cadherins and integrins to actin filaments or intermediate filaments

A

Adaptor proteins

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78
Q

The adaptor protein interaction provides mechanical continuity from cell to cell in muscles and epithelial, allowing them to do what? (2)

A

1- transmit forces
2- resist mechanical disruption

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79
Q

In certain cell types where mechanical forces are constantly present, what is important?

A

Mechanical continuity

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80
Q

Sixth principle: Association of ligands with adhesion receptors can ____, leading to changes in gene expression, cellular differentiation, secretion, motility, receptor activation and cell division

A

Activate intracellular signaling transduction pathways

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81
Q

Signaling through adhesion receptors allows cells to respond appropriately to _____ with the surrounding matrix or cells

A

Physical interactions

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82
Q

In the linkage of classical cadherins to actin filaments, how many different sites of the extracellular domain of the cadherin does calcium bind to?

A

4

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83
Q

On the cadherin, what part does calcium bind to?

A

Extracellular domain

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84
Q

As more and more calcium binds to the cadherin and all 4 four sites are bound, what happens to the structure?

A

It becomes rigid

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85
Q

What adaptor and anchor proteins connect the cadherin to the actin filament intracellularly?

A

P120 catenin, Beta-catenin, and other anchor proteins

86
Q

The anchoring and adaptor proteins of the classical cadherin associate what part of the cadherin to the actin filaments?

A

Cytoplasmic tail

87
Q

Cells attach to the undelrying ECM thorugh two types junctions that are:

A

Integrin-dependent jxns

88
Q

What are the two types of integrin-dependent junctions that attach the cell to the underlying ECM?

A

Focal adhesions and hemidesmosomes

89
Q

One of the types of integrin dependent junctions attaches the actin cytoskeleton to fibers of fibronectin.. which one is this?

A

Focal adhesion

90
Q

One type of integrin-dependent junction connects intermediate filaments to the basal laminae:

A

Hemidesmosomes

91
Q

Integrin-containing cell matrix junctions are found in what types of cells? (Give examples)

A

Highly motile weakly adherent cells (keratinocytes); strongly adherent, immobile cells (epithelia)

92
Q

In focal adhesions, you get an adhesion plaque where you have the integrins associated with the ECM, and when changes in movement/ stretching occur, that results in:

A

Force transmission through the integrins and into actin filaments

93
Q

In focal adhesions, when you get force transmission through integrin and into the actin filaments, this ultimately leads to tugging of:

A

Proteins in the nucleus

94
Q

What two ancillary proteins of integrin linages are important intracellularly

A

Talin and vinculin

95
Q

Extracellularly in an integrin linkage, you cave active integrin binding in what type of mechanism?

A

Clamping

96
Q

Extracellularly in integrin linkages, you have active integrin binding in a clamping mechanism between:

A

Alpha and beta subunits to ECM protein

97
Q

Where is the hemidesmosome mainly found?

A

Basal surface of epithelial cells

98
Q

What firmly anchors epithelial cells to the underlying basal lamina?

A

Hemidesmosomes

99
Q

What does the cytosolic side of a hemidesmosome consist of?

A

A plaque composed of adaptor proteins

100
Q

On the cytosolic side of the hemidesmosome, the adaptor proteins composing the plaque are attached to:

A

Ends of keratin filaments

101
Q

What form of integrin is localized to hemidesmosomes?

A

Alpha6 beta4

102
Q

What does the integrin alpha6beta4 bind to within the plaques?

A

Plectin (adaptor protein)

103
Q

What does integrin alpha6beta4 bind to in the ECM?

A

Laminin

104
Q

How do hemidesmosomes increase the overall rigidity of epithelial tissues?

A

By interconnecting the intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton with fibers of basal lamina

105
Q

What type of filaments do hemidesmosomes attach to on th inside of the cell?

A

Keratin

106
Q

What do hemidesmosomes attach to on the ECM side of the cell?

A

Collagen and laminin

107
Q

An important group of anchoring proteins involved with hemidesmosomes are:

A

Plectin and dystonin

108
Q

Plectin and dystonin help the hemidesmosomes to:

A

Anchor to the keratin filaments inside the cell

109
Q

What clinical relevance do adhesion proteins play a role in?

A

Platelet function, development, and health/disease

110
Q

What is one of the first things that happens after injury to a blood vessel?

A

Spasm that constricts blood vessel

111
Q

After injury to blood vessel, after the spasm what occurs?

A

Platelet aggregation to site injury

112
Q

Platelet aggregation to the site of injury is trying to accomplish:

A

Platelet plug

113
Q

When we have an exposure of the underlying subendotheliun, what certain molecules get exposed that would have previously been covered up by endothelial cells?

A

Collagen & Von Willebrand factor

114
Q

Clotting factor that binds to a specific adhesion molecule (GP1b)

A

Von Willebrand factor

115
Q

The GP1b that the von willebrand factor binds is present on:

A

Platelets

116
Q

When an interaction occurs (either von willebrand to GP1b) or (binding to the collagen matrix) what gets activated?

A

Platelets

117
Q

In platelet adhesion once the platelets get activated, what do they produce or release?

A

ADP

118
Q

The production or release of ADP from platelets causes a conformational change in what molecule?

A

GP2b-3a

119
Q

In platelet adhesion, once GP2b-3a undergoes a conformational change, this complex then binds what?

A

Fibrinogen

120
Q

Where is the fibrinogen that the GP2b-3a complex binds during int platelet adhesion?

A

In circulation

121
Q

After the GP2b-3a complex binds fibrinogen, the fibrinogen then:

A

Links multiple platelets together

122
Q

When GP2b-3a binds fibrinogen we ultimately get:

A

A cross-linking of platelets causing them to aggregate

123
Q

The aggregation of platelets creates a:

A

Plug that will prevent bloodflow

124
Q

The platelet plug is anchored to the site of the injury through:

A

Linkage of GP1b to the von willebrand factor

125
Q

If you have a deficiency in GP1b, this is known as:

A

Von Willebrand disease

126
Q

If you have a deficiency in GP2b-3a complex, this is known as:

A

Glandzmann thrombasthenia

127
Q

Normally platelets are free flowing and don’t have access to:

A

Collagen & Von Willebrand factor (because they are covered up)

128
Q

What layer of tissue is exposed when there is damage to a blood vessel?

A

Basal lamina

129
Q

Platelet activation:
1. Damage to blood vessel exposing ______.
2. Initial binding of ____.
3. Platelets become ____.
4. Activated platelets secrete ____.
5. Activated plates _____ over defect

A
  1. Basal lamina
  2. Platelets
  3. Activated
  4. ADP
  5. Aggregate
130
Q

What is the first independent stimuli that activates platelets?

A
  1. Integrin alpha2beta1 binds collagen in basal lamina
131
Q

What is the 2nd independent stimuli that activates platelets?

A

Thrombin activates 7-helix receptors

132
Q

What is the 3rd independent stimuli that activates platelets?

A

ADP activates 7-helix receptors

133
Q

When do platelets aggregate?

A

When fibrinogen cross links

134
Q

Platelet activation must only occur _____ to prevent _____.

A

Locally; randomized clots

135
Q

E cadherin refers to what?

A

Epithelial cadherin

136
Q

What is two other names for E-cadherin?

A

Uvomorulin and L-CAM

137
Q

E-cadherin is expressed on all ______, even at the 1-cell stage.

A

Early mammalian embryonic cells

138
Q

Later on in embryogenesis, E-cadherin goes from being expressed in all embryonic cells to being:

A

Restricted to epithelial tissues of embryos and adults

139
Q

P- cadherin:

A

Placental cadherin

140
Q

P-cadherin appears to be expressed primarily on the:

A

Trophoblast cells

141
Q

What are the placental cells of the mammalian embryo that contact the uterine wall?

A

Trophoblast cells

142
Q

It is thought that p-cadherin facilitates the connection of the ____ to the ____.

A

Embryo to the uterus

143
Q

N- cadherin:

A

Neural cadherin

144
Q

N-cadherin is first seen on _____ cells in the gastrulating embryo as they lose their E-cadherin expression

A

Mesodermal cells

145
Q

N-cadherin is highly expressed on the:

A

Cells of the developing nervous system

146
Q

Cadherins join together by binding to the same type of cadherin on another cell (E-cadherin sticks best to other cells with E-cadherin and will sort out from N-cadherin cells). What type of pattern is this called?

A

Homophillic binding

147
Q

Cell sorting is driven by:

A

Cadherins

148
Q

When the cells of different tissues in the developing embryo are dissociated, mixed and then allowed to re-aggregate, what occurs and what drives this process?

A

Cell assort back into their respective layers & driven by cadherin

149
Q

Cadherins can be _____ in their expression

A

Specially restricted

150
Q

Cell concentration of cadherins and how they are specially restricted in neural tube tissues leads down the differentiation pathway to the formation of:

A

More and more complex tissues

151
Q

What are the functional roles of the basal lamina?

A
  1. Molecular filter
  2. Cell barrier
  3. Molecular scaffolding to aid in regeneration after injury
152
Q

Retaining proteins in the blood while filtering toxic substances into the urine pertains to what role of the basal lamina?

A

Molecular filter

153
Q

In tooth formation, the ameloblasts and odontoblasts are separated by a basement membrane, what role of the basal lamina is this describing?

A

Cell barrier

154
Q

What protein is involved in many steps of cell migration?

A

Vinculin

155
Q

During traction force generation, ____ links ____ to the actin cytoskeleton and bears the forces exerted during motility.

A

Vinculin links integrins

156
Q

Vinculin can also interact with ___ to induce a conformational change that reduces Vinculin interaction with actin, thereby promoting the disassembly of focal adhesions.

A

PIP2

157
Q

Certain types of cells move and do so because of their ability vary the _____ of interaction with the ECM at one part of the cell relative to another part of the cell.

A

Avidity

158
Q

Vinculin plays a role in what type of cell migration?

A

Polarized

159
Q

What are the 3 steps of transednothelial migration in the nervous system?

A
  1. Capture & rolling
  2. Activation & adhesion
  3. Migration
160
Q

Transendothelial migration is really important in:

A

Vasculature

161
Q

Loose association of cells and tight association and activation with certain receptors is characteristic of what process?

A

Transendothelial migration

162
Q

What is the process by which a leukocyte squeezes the cells in Transendothelial migration in the vasculature

A

Extravasation

163
Q

Defects in leukocyte function are often associated with:

A

Mutations in adhesion molecules

164
Q

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency has a severe tooth phenotype that is associated with:

A

Extreme caries and gingivitis

165
Q

In a normal individual, what are transmigrating through the vasculature into the tissue?

A

Neutrophils

166
Q

Normal individuals with transmigration competent neutrophil s have a presence of neutrophils that restrains the expression of _____ to normal levels

A

IL-23

167
Q

In individuals with LAD, what type of neutrophils do they have?

A

Transmigration-incompetent neutrophils

168
Q

LAD stand for:

A

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency

169
Q

In LAD individuals, the absence of neutrophil regulation unleashes the overexpression of ____ and downstream cytokines ___ & ____

A

IL-23

IL17 & GCSF

170
Q

It is important that our neutrophils prevent the release of IL-23 because IL-23 leads to the activation of another cell that secretes:

A

IL-17

171
Q

What targets tissue fibroblasts to release G-CSF?

A

IL-17

172
Q

What does G-CSF in normal levels do?

A

regulates granulopoeisis

173
Q

Increased IL-17 leads to inflammatory bone loss and dysbiosis ultimately causing:

A

LAD-associated periodontitis

174
Q

In addition to causing LAD-associated periodontitis, the increase in IL-17 can cause increase in G-CSF which causes:

A

Excessive granulopoeisis

175
Q

T-cells use cell adhesion receptors in process of:

A

Antigen presentation

176
Q

In order for ________ to occur, a cassette (many) cell adhesion molecules have to be expressed and have to bind to heir receptors on the other opposing cell

A

Clonal expansion of T cell

177
Q

Cellular adhesion molecules play a role in the regulation of T-cell:

A

Responses to antigen

178
Q

Cell adhesion receptors participate in process of sensation and response to:

A

Mechanical forces

179
Q

What activates signaling pathways at adhesion sites?

A

Mechanical tension

180
Q

What causes the dissociation or deadhesion of cells from the ECM or between cells?

A

Disintegrins

181
Q

What sequence do many disintegrins contain?

A

RGD sequence

182
Q

The RGD sequence in many disintegrins is also present in many

A

ECM proteins

183
Q

By binding to integrins on the surface of cells, disintegrins:

A

Competitively inhibit binding of cells to matrix components

184
Q

Many disintegrins are present in snake venom which prevents _____ and are partially responsible for the _____ property of venoms

A

Platelets from aggregating; anticoagulant

185
Q

What are the two classes of deadhesion factors?

A

1) Disintegrins with RGD sequence
2) Deadhesion factors that contain proteases ADAMs and MMPs

186
Q

What are membrane bound proteases that catalyze shedding of transmembrane proteins

A

ADAMs

187
Q

What is a solubl enzyme that cleaves non-fibrillation ECM proteins?

A

ADAM-TS

188
Q

Because ADAM-TS enzyme degrades the ECM components, it functions to facilitate:

A

Cell migration

189
Q

By binding of the integrins through the RGD sequence, the disintegrins:

A

Competitively inhibits binding of cells to matrix

190
Q

MMPS:

A

Matrix specific metalproteases

191
Q

What is responsible for proteolytic degredation of transmembrane adhesion molecules?

A

ADAMs or MMPS

192
Q

Any time there is some kind of force whether its stress or tension applied to ECM, that will be transferred through:

A

The integrins to the actin filaments

193
Q

An adaptor protein that when it changes its conformation it changes how the fibers in side the cell behave (like actin) and creates a mechanism for cells to move

A

Vinculin

194
Q

Sub cellular structures through which mechanical force and regulator signals are transmitted between teh ECM and cell interior

A

Focal adhesion

195
Q

Very small stud like structures found in keratinocytes of the epidermis of skin that attach to the ECM

A

Hemidesmosomes

196
Q

Transmembrane receptors composed of heterodimeric subunits which were products of two separate genes.

A

Integrin receptor

197
Q

Mediate both cell to cell and cell to ECM adhesion

A

Integrin receptors

198
Q

To increase the affinity of the integrin receptors for their extracellular ligands

A

Integrin activation

199
Q

Integrin activation is controlled by intracellular signals that through their action on _____ induce conformation changes in the integrin extracellular domains that result in increased affinity for the ligand.

A

Integrin cytoplasmic domain

200
Q

Cell membrane receptor by which cells specifically recognize eachother and adhere to eachother

A

Cell-cell adhesion receptor

201
Q

Cell membrane receptor by which cells specifically recognize cell matrix proteins and adhere to them

A

Cell-matrix adhesion receptor

202
Q

ICAM-1 is an example or _____ receptor; while fibronectin is an example of _____ receptor

A

Cell to cell

Cell to matrix

203
Q

What are the two subunits that leukocyte adhesion receptor is composed of:

A

CD18 and CD11a

204
Q

What ligand is associated with Leukocyte function associated antigen-1?

A

ICAM

205
Q

LFA-1 typically exists in:

A

Inactive state

206
Q

When LFA-1 is in its typical inactive state, is has ____ affinity for ICAM

A

Low affinity

207
Q

When LFA-1 is in its activated state, if have ____ affinity for ICAM

A

Enhanced affinity

208
Q

What stimulates the activation of LFA-1?

A

Chemokines

209
Q

What is an ICAM?

A

Intercellular adhesion molecule

210
Q

What is importation in inflammation, immune response, and intracellular signaling?

A

ICAM

211
Q

A type of adhesion molecule which is important in formation of adheren junctions to bind cells to eachother, (calcium dependent)

A

Cadherins

212
Q

Small proteins from viper venoms which function as potent inhibitor sof both platelet aggregation and integrin-dependent adhesion

A

Disintegrins

Applied Biochem (18 decks)

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