Saladin, Muslim Unity, Byzantium and the Franks c.1169-89 Flashcards
Who did Saladin accompany to Egypt in the 1160s?
Shirkuh
Saladin distinguished himself at which battle against Amalric of Jerusalem in March 1167?
al-Babayn
In what year did Saladin become dominant in Egypt after Shirkuh’s death?
1169
The siege of which Frankish castle did Saladin abandon in October 1171 to Nureddin’s annoyance?
Montreal
In which year did Saladin fail to offer meaningful assistance to Nureddin’s siege of Kerak?
1173
What did Nureddin send to Egypt in 1173, demonstrating suspicion of Saladin’s loyalty?
Auditors
What did Saladin bring to an end in September 1171?
Fatimid dynasty
Where did Saladin use capable administrators such as Qadi al-Fadil and al-Makhzumi to generate huge wealth?
Egypt
Who did Saladin formally recognise as overlord of Egypt between 1169 and 1174?
Nureddin
Which son and heir of Nureddin did Saladin claimed to be working for him but instead worked against him?
al-Salih
Who did Saladin send to conquer Yemen from Muslims he claimed were heretical, in the years 1174 to 1176?
Turanshah
Which Red Sea castle was recaptured by Saladin from the Franks in December 1170?
Aila
Which widow of Nureddin did Saladin marry in 1176 to increase the legitimacy of his claim to be ‘Sultan of Egypt and Syria’?
Ismat
Victory over the Zengids at which battle, in April 1175, left Saladin in control of Damascus, Baalbek and Homs?
Horns of Hama
Which Emir of Erbil and Zengid supporter, opposed Saladin at the Horms of Hama but then defected to support him in 1182?
Gokbori
At which battle was Saladin was victorious over Sayf al-Din in April 1176?
Tell Sultan
Which sister of Saladin was married to his key supporter Gokbori in the 1180s to cement his loyalty?
Rabia Khatun
Which sister of Saladin was married to the emir of Homs to greater bind him to the Ayyubids?
Zumurrud
Which ruler of Homs plotted to exploit Saladin’s expected death in 1186 but then died himself of excessive drinking?
Muhammad ibn Shirkuh
Which Abbasid caliph acknowledged Saladin as ‘Sultan of Egypt and Syria’ in 1176?
al-Mustadi
When did Saladin’s forces successfully clash with Kilij Arslan II’s to keep territory taken by Nureddin in 1173?
1179
With which Sultan of Rum did Saladin have an uneasy and mutually untrusting relationship?
Kilij Arlsan II
In what year was Saladin criticised by Kilij Arslan II for involving himself in a local dispute rather than jihad?
1180
In what year did Saladin act to prevent the union of Aleppo and Mosul against him?
1182
Which group rejected Saladin’s attempted dominance of Syria between 1174 and 1183?
Zengids
Which Zengid powerbase fell to Saladin in 1183 two years after the death of al-Salih?
Aleppo
In what year did Saladin arrange a truce with the Franks so that he could focus on defeating his Muslim foes?
1185
Which Muslim city’s ruler only acknowledged Saladin’s overlordship in 1186?
Mosul
Who was Saladin’s loyal governor of Aleppo between 1183 and 1186 then administered Egypt from 1186 to 1192?
al-Adil
Which ruler of Mosul, built a coalition of Muslim leaders to oppose Saladin between 1174 and 1180?
Sayf al-Din
Which ruler of Mosul from 1180 led the remaining opposition to Saladin until 1186?
Izz ad-Din
Which Muslim group did Saladin come to terms with in 1176 after his war on them failed?
Assassins
At which battle in 1177 did Saladin face a major setback when the Franks were victorious and his nephew was killed?
Montgisard
Which Abbasid caliph (from 1180) criticised Saladin even after the capture of Jerusalem, out of fear of his power?
al-Nasir
Which vital crossing point in did Saladin prevented Baldwin IV from fully fortifying in 1179?
Jacob’s Ford
At which battle in June 1179 did Saladin defeat Baldwin IV and the Templars allowing him to attack Jacobs Ford?
Marj Ayyun
Which city’s capture on 2 October 1187 cemented Saladin’s reputation as a successful leader of the Jihad?
Jerusalem
What item, constructed by Nureddin, was placed in the al-Aqsa mosque after Saladin’s conquest of Jerusalem?
‘Minbar of Saladin’
Which Frankish city resisted Saladin in July 1187 and again between November 1187 and January 1188?
Tyre
In the summer of which year did Saladin take most of the coastal castles and towns of the states of Tripoli and Antioch?
1188
When did Saladin’s attack fail to dislodge the Latins besieging Acre?
October 1189
Baldwin III of Jerusalem and Manuel I sealed an alliance in 1158 with Baldwin’s marriage to which of the emperor’s nieces?
Theodora
Who did Maria Comnena, who was dispatched to Jerusalem, marry in 1167?
King Amalric
Where had Nureddin declined to attack out of fear of Byzantine military strength?
Antioch
In what year did Manuel send a large fleet to Damietta to help the Franks drive Nureddin from Egypt?
1169
When did Manuel I order the mass arrest of Venetians throughout the Empire, including 10,000 in Constantinople?
1170
When did the Venetians have to concede defeat in their conflict with Manuel I of Byzantium?
May 1172
Which major Byzantine defeat to the Seljuk Turks of Rum happened on September 17, 1176?
Myriocephalum
Who was the Sultan of Rum that defeated the Byzantines at the battle of Myriocephalum?
Kilij Arslan II
Which battle did Manuel I compared his defeat in 1176 by the Seljuk Turks to?
Manzikert
In what year did the Byzantines defeat the Seljuks at Hyelion and Leimocheir on the Meander River?
1177
What type of impact did the defeat at Myriocephalum have on the Byzantine Empire?
Psychological
In what year did Emperor Manuel I die?
1180
Who became regent for the ten-year-old emperor Alexius II in 1180?
Empress Maria of Antioch
Who seized the Byzantine crown in 1183 after exploiting hostility to Maria of Antioch?
Andronicus I
When was the bulk of the Latin community in Constantinople (c.60,000) wiped out or forced to flee?
April 1182
After the arrival of Andronicus Comnenus in Constantinople in Spring 1182, which group were massacred?
Latins
Which daughter of King Louis VII of France did Andronicus I marry in 1183?
Agnes
In what year did a Venetian embassy visit Constantinople, receiving some compensation for the losses of 1171?
1184
The reign of Andronicus I (1183-85) was characterized by what?
violent civil strife
Who led to an invasion of 200 ships and 80,000 men, including 5,000 knights to Thessalonica in 1185?
William II of Sicily
Who was proclaimed Emperor in 1185 after Andronicus I attempted to kill the aristocracy?
Isaac II Angelus
When was Emperor Andronicus I killed by a mob in Constantinople?
September 1185
When did Isaac II agree to re-establish a mosque in Constantinople?
Summer 1189
Which part of the Third Crusade did Isaac II inform Saladin about as they crossed into Byzantine territory?
Germans
After promising to assist the Germans on the Third Crusade what did Isaac do to their ambassadors in the summer of 1189?
Imprison
