Age of the Crusades (All), c.1149-c.1204 Flashcards
A failing war with which country between 1190 and 1195 led Isaac II’s brother Alexius III to overthrow him in 1195?
Bulgaria
A fleet from which Italian city arrived in Outremer in 1189 and prevented Saladin from blockading Tyre?
Pisa
After promising to assist the Germans on the Third Crusade what did Isaac do to their ambassadors in the summer of 1189?
Imprison
After the arrival of Andronicus Comnenus in Constantinople in Spring 1182, which group were massacred?
Latins
Aimery of Limoges was the Latin Patriarch for which major Levantine city?
Antioch
Along with Sidon, which port was captured by the German Crusade of 1197 in September 1197?
Beirut
Along with the release of all prisoners what Byzantine compensation was arranged by 1184 for Venice for their losses from 1171?
1,500 pounds of gold
At which battle did Saladin defeat Baldwin IV’s forces in June 1179?
Marj Ayyun
At which battle in 1177 did Saladin face a major setback when the Franks were victorious and his nephew was killed?
Montgisard
At which battle in June 1179 did Saladin defeat Baldwin IV and the Templars allowing him to attack Jacobs Ford?
Marj Ayyun
At which battle in September 1191 was Saladin defeated by Richard I’s marching army?
Arsuf
At which battle on 4th July 1187 was Jerusalem’s army destroyed?
Hattin
At which battle was Saladin defeated by Richard I as he marched south from Acre in August 1191?
Arsuf
At which battle was Saladin was victorious over Sayf al-Din in April 1176?
Tell Sultan
At which castle did senior French lords met in November 1199, where they pledged to go on a crusade?
Ecry-sur-Aisne
At which place did Saladin destroy the key fortification being built by Baldwin IV in August 1179?
Jacob’s Ford
At which Third Crusade battle did Richard victoriously attack from the sea?
Jaffa
Baldwin III and Melisende quarrelled over the appointment of the new Lord of which key territory in 1149?
Galilee
Baldwin III of Jerusalem and Manuel I sealed an alliance in 1158 with Baldwin’s marriage to which of the emperor’s nieces?
Theodora
Between 1174 and when was Raymond III of Tripoli regent for Baldwin IV of Jerusalem?
1176
By which crusader deadline was it clear that Alexius IV could not pay all that he had promised them?
September 1203
Despite huge financial sacrifices how much was still owed by the crusaders to the Venetians by late Autumn 1202?
c.34,000 marks
Distrust between Saladin and Nureddin led to Muslim failure at the siege of which castle in October 1171?
Montreal
Fifty ships commanded by nobles of which kingdom arrived in Outremer in early September 1189?
Denmark
Hostility to which group was stirred up by Andronicus I to maintain his grip on power?
Latins
How did Innocent III respond to the Fourth Crusade’s attacks on Zara and Constantinople?
Excommunication
How many crusaders arrived at Venice for the Fourth Crusade?
c. 12,000
How many crusaders did the negotiators for the Fourth Crusade at Venice contract for?
33,500
How many knights a year did Henry II promise (but fail) to send to Outremer as absolution for killing Becket?
Two hundred
How many marks did the Fourth crusader leaders promise to pay the Venetians for the transportation?
85,000
How many of the expected 33,500 crusaders had arrived by Autumn 1202?
c.12,000
How many Templars did Amalric of Jerusalem allegedly hang in 1165-66 for surrendering a castle to Muslims?
Twelve
How many war galleys did the Venetians offer to aid the Fourth Crusade in return for an equal share of any loot?
Fifty
How much did the French Fourth crusade negotiators agree would be paid under the April 1201 Treaty of Venice?
85,000 marks
In 1164 who did Shawar seek help from Nureddin to fight?
Dirgham
In the summer of which year did Saladin take most of the coastal castles and towns of the states of Tripoli and Antioch?
1188
In what year did a Venetian embassy visit Constantinople, receiving some compensation for the losses of 1171?
1184
In what year did Amalric die, undermining future attempts to capture Egypt?
1174
In what year did Amalric of Jerusalem marry the Byzantine princess Maria?
1167
In what year did Baldwin III marry the Byzantine princess Theodora?
1158
In what year did Emperor Manuel I die?
1180
In what year did Genoa first gain trading privileges in Byzantium from Manuel I?
1155
In what year did Kilij Arslan II die leaving his sons to squabble over his lands for the next decade?
1192
In what year did Manuel I of Byzantium invade Cilicia forcing Prince Reynald to beg for forgiveness?
1158
In what year did Manuel I pay a ransom to release Bohemond III, after the prince’s capture at Harim?
1165
In what year did Manuel send a large fleet to Damietta to help the Franks drive Nureddin from Egypt?
1169
In what year did Pisa first gain trading privileges in Byzantium from Alexius I?
1111
In what year did Reynald of Antioch defeat an Armenian rebellion against the Byzantines for which he was not compensated?
1155
In what year did Saladin act to prevent the union of Aleppo and Mosul against him?
1182
In what year did Saladin arrange a truce with the Franks so that he could focus on defeating his Muslim foes?
1185
In what year did Saladin become dominant in Egypt after Shirkuh’s death?
1169
In what year did Shirkuh finally gain full control over Egypt?
1169
In what year did the Byzantines defeat the Seljuks at Hyelion and Leimocheir on the Meander River?
1177
In what year did the Hospitallers receive Krak des Chevaliers from the Count of Tripoli?
1144
In what year had Alexius I originally granted the Venetians huge trade privileges in return for aid against the Normans?
1082
In what year had general taxes for the defence of Outremer been levied by Louis VII of France and Henry II of England?
1166
In what year was Inter Omnia issued by Alexander III?
1169
In what year was Joscelin II of Edessa captured by Nureddin?
1150
In what year was Raymond of Antioch forced to travel to Constantinople and submit to Manuel I as his vassal?
1145
In what year was Saladin criticised by Kilij Arslan II for involving himself in a local dispute rather than jihad?
1180
In what year was the Pisan quarter of Constantinople greatly expanded by Isaac II?
1192
In what year was the Venetian quarter of Constantinople greatly expanded by Isaac II?
1189
In what year was Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, murdered, undermining Henry II’s plans to crusade?
1170
In what year were both Raymond III and Bohemond III captured at the second battle of Artah (Harim)?
1164
In which battle did Nureddin defeat and kill Prince Raymond of Antioch in 1149?
Inab
In which battle in 1163 did King Amalric I of Jerusalem defeat and nearly kill Nureddin?
al-Buqaia
In which decade did the militarisation of the Hospitallers accelerate most rapidly?
1160s
In which territory had Prince Raymond being trying to take Byzantine towns in 1144-45?
Cilicia
In which year did a small crusade led Duke Henry of Louvain and Ralph of Mauleon come to Outremer but achieve little?
1183
In which year did French nobles including Hugh of Burgundy and Stephen of Sancerre visited Jerusalem but fail to provide support?
1171
In which year did Nureddin aid the Armenian leader Mleh of Cilicia in expelling the Templars from their northern fortresses?
1172
In which year did Nureddin and Amalric I die and Baldwin IV become king of Jerusalem?
1174
In which year did Saladin abolish the Shia Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt?
1171
In which year did Saladin fail to offer meaningful assistance to Nureddin’s siege of Kerak?
1173
In which year was Nureddin’s ‘palace of Justice’ built in Damascus?
1163
In which year was Thoros II of Cilicia able to escape the disastrous battle at Harim, unlike his Frankish allies?
1164
In which year were Frankish and Byzantine efforts to seize the Egyptian port of Damietta unsuccessful?
1169
In which year were visiting pilgrims a source of military strength for Jerusalem’s seizure of Ascalon?
1153
Keys to which place were offered to both Louis VII of France and Henry II of England in 1184 but refused?
Jerusalem
King Aimery of Lusignan was king of which crusader state in addition to Jerusalem?
Cyprus
Large numbers of forces from the Third Crusade joined Guy of Lusignan’s siege of which key city?
Acre
Members of what were executed by Saladin after the Battle of Hattin?
Military Orders
News of whose death led to the collapse of the German Crusade of 1197?
Henry VI of Germany
Pilgrim access to which site was guaranteed by the Truce of Jaffa in September 1192?
Holy Sepulchre
Saladin distinguished himself at which battle against Amalric of Jerusalem in March 1167?
al-Babayn
Saladin’s siege of which Frankish castle was broken by Baldwin IV in November-December 1183?
Kerak
The Byzantines provided 300 ships to assist in the Frankish siege of which Egyptian city in 1169?
Damietta
The capture of which Muslim city in 1153 was almost undermined by the premature and greedy attack of the Templars?
Ascalon
The daughter of which Frankish princess did Manuel I initially plan to marry but then scandalously reject c.1161?
Hodierna
The Grand Master of which Military Order wrote a series of unsuccessful letters to Louis VII of France asking for aid in Egypt?
Templars
The land link between the kingdom of Jerusalem and which crusader state was restored in 1197?
County of Tripoli
The Latin siege of which major city lasted nearly two years and led to humiliating defeat for Saladin in 1191?
Acre
The leader of which faction opposed to attacking Zara sought to undermine Dandalo’s negotiations in November 1202?
Simon de Montfort
The reign of Andronicus I (1183-85) was characterized by what?
violent civil strife
The siege of which Frankish castle did Saladin abandon in October 1171 to Nureddin’s annoyance?
Montreal
The siege of which Muslim city lasted only five days and was a military disaster for the Second Crusade in July 1148?
Damascus
Thierry of Flanders led an army in 1157 to besiege which city, but his disputes with Reynald of Antioch regarding overlordship led to failure?
Shaizar
Until when did Alexius IV ask the Fourth Crusade to stay at Constantinople after failing to fully pay them?
March 1204
Victory over Nureddin at which battle in August 1150 allowed Baldwin III to safely evacuate surviving Franks from Edessa?
Aintab
Victory over the Zengids at which battle, in April 1175, left Saladin in control of Damascus, Baalbek and Homs?
Horns of Hama
What actions against pagans in the Baltic siphoned off German support for the Second Crusade?
The Wendish Crusade
What affliction undermined Baldwin IV’s health and kingship?
Leprosy
What aid did Henry II send every year instead of knights as absolution for killing Becket?
2,000 silver marks
What could the military orders set on their own without reference to the rulers of Outremer?
Military policy
What did Amalric and the Hospitallers fear Manuel I would exclude them from at Damietta in 1169?
Spoil of war
What did Byzantium provide to the Kingdom of Jerusalem that was most important to aid attacks on Egypt?
Naval support
What did Latin priests claim the Greeks were, therefore justifying the attack in April 1204 (violating Innocent III’s wishes)?
schismatics
What did many in the Latin West perceive that the Franks of Outremer lived in, thus making assistance undeserved?
Luxury
What did Nureddin send to Egypt in 1173, demonstrating suspicion of Saladin’s loyalty?
Auditors
What did Saladin bring to an end in September 1171?
Fatimid dynasty
What did Saladin largely conquer in three months after the battle of Hattin in 1187?
Kingdom of Jerusalem
What did the Hospitallers hope to gain from their support for an invasion of Egypt in 1168?
Bilbais
What did Western Christians perceive that the Franks of Outremer lived in and thus could pay for their own defence?
Luxury
What factor linked Theobald of Champagne, Louis of Blois and Baldwin of Flanders?
Kinship (Crusading pedigrees)
What had declined to only thirty galleys by 1196?
Byzantine navy
What happened to Reynald of Chatillon after his capture at Hattin in July 1187?
Execution
What is the Islamic term referring to the religious duty of Muslims to maintain the religion?
Jihad
What is the name of the Islamic education centres built in Syria, half of which in the 1160s were built by Nureddin?
Madrassas
What is the term used to describe Nureddin’s increased religious devotion possible coming from a near death experience?
Inner conversion
What item, constructed by Nureddin, was placed in the al-Aqsa mosque after Saladin’s conquest of Jerusalem?
‘Minbar of Saladin’
What killed William of Montferrat in June 1177 leaving Sibylla pregnant with his son?
Malaria
What major coastal city was captured by Baldwin III of Jerusalem in 1153?
Ascalon
What percentage of her losses from 1171 had Venice been compensated for in reparations payments by 1203?
Eighty-five
What phenomenon led to the increasing sale of castles and territories to the military orders?
Feudal Poverty
What strategic territory from Tyre to Jaffa was restored by the Third Crusade?
Levantine coast
What strategic territory was restored by the Third Crusade?
The coast
What tax on property was one of those levied in Outremer to raise funds to purchase mercenaries?
Terraticum
What term is used to describe the social ties/obligations of some Latin noble families to crusade like their forefathers?
crusading pedigrees
What term was used by Bernard of Clairvaux to refer to those he wished to undertake the Second Crusade?
Lucky generation
What tribute was to be paid to the Franks every year after their successful campaign of 1167?
100,000 Gold Dinars
What type of impact did the defeat at Myriocephalum have on the Byzantine Empire?
Psychological
What was established in Cairo after Amalric’s invasion in 1167?
Frankish garrison
What was guaranteed by the Truce of Jaffa that ended the Third Crusade in 1192?
Pilgrim access
What was made worse by the 1204 sack of Constantinople?
Great Schism
What was the absolute maximum number of barons and knights in the kingdom of Jerusalem according to Runciman?
One thousand
What was the debt that almost destroyed the Hospitallers after the failed Egyptian invasion of 1168?
100,000 Bezants
What was the dowry of Theodora given to Baldwin III when he married her in 1158?
100,000 gold pieces
What was the name of Amalric I’s first wife whom divorced in order to become king?
Agnes of Courtenay
What was the name of crusading bull that launched the Third Crusade in October 1187?
Audita Tremendi
What was the name of the papal instruction issued by Alexander III calling on people to crusade rather than send money to Outremer?
Inter Omnia
What was the name of the Pope who issued Quantum Praedecessores in December 1145?
Eugenius III
What was the secretly agreed initial target of the Fourth Crusade in order to make Jerusalem secure?
Egypt
What was the total estimated amount looted from Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in April 1204?
c. 800,000 silver marks
What was used by Richard I and Philip II to raise funds for the Third Crusade?
Saladin Tithe
What were locally armed and trained light cavalry largely made up of native Christians and those of mixed parentage?
Turcopoles
What, held by abbot Guy of Vaux de Cernay, forbade the Fourth Crusaders to attack Zara under threat of excommunication?
papal letter
When did a Greek mob attack Latin merchants in Constantinople driving the Pisans into supporting the Fourth Crusade?
18 August 1203
When did a war break out between between Pisa and Genoa that spread to Constantinople where 1,000 Pisans (with Venetians and Greeks) attacked the 300 Genoese?
Summer 1162
When did Al-Aziz, Al-Adil and Az-Zahir depose and exile Al-Afdal from Damascus?
July 1196
When did al-Aziz, Saladin’s son and successor in Egypt die in a hunting accident?
November 1198
When did Alexander III issue his unsuccessful papal bull, Inter Omnia, calling for Latins to crusade?
29 July 1169
When did Amalric visit Constantinople in person to request aid for the Kingdom of Jerusalem?
March 1171
When did Baldwin IV achieve a great victory over Saladin at Montgisard?
November 1177
When did Baldwin IV arrange the marriage of Sibylla and Guy in response to a feared coup against him?
April 1180
When did Baldwin IV die leaving his nephew, a seven-year old boy, as King of Jerusalem?
March 1185
When did Boniface of Montferrat rejoin the Fourth Crusade to discuss Prince Alexius’s offer having missed the attack on Zara?
December 1202
When did crusader relations with Alexius IV collapse despite his previous promises to pay them?
December 1203
When did Guy of Jerusalem begin the two-year siege of Acre in defiance of Saladin?
August 1189
When did Henry VI of Germany first pledge to lead a crusade to Outremer?
March 1195
When did Isaac II agree to re-establish a mosque in Constantinople?
Summer 1189
When did Jerusalem fall to Saladin after a two-week siege?
October 1187
When did Manuel I arrest all Venetians in the Byzantine Empire and confiscate their property?
March 1171
When did Manuel I order the mass arrest of Venetians throughout the Empire, including 10,000 in Constantinople?
1170
When did Nureddin die at his citadel in Damascus?
May 1174
When did Nureddin’s ally Mleh seize power in Cilicia, depriving the Franks of Antioch of potential support?
1170
When did Queen Sibylla die outside of Acre undermining Guy’s kingship?
July 1190
When did Raymond III of Tripoli and Bohemond III of Antioch attempt to force Sibylla to marry Baldwin of Ibelin?
Easter 1180
When did Saladin die from a fever at Damascus?
March 1193
When did Saladin launch a devastating raid against the southern border of the kingdom of Jerusalem?
December 1170
When did Saladin threaten to dispossess al-Mansur the son of Taqi al-Din, first granting his lands to al-Afdal then al-Adil?
Spring 1192
When did Saladin’s attack fail to dislodge the Latins besieging Acre?
October 1189
When did Saladin’s forces successfully clash with Kilij Arslan II’s to keep territory taken by Nureddin in 1173?
1179
When did Saladin’s initial major attack fail to dislodge the Latins besieging Acre?
October 1189
When did the Archbishop of Pisa arrive at Tyre with 52 ships, thus preventing Saladin’s naval blockade?
April 1189
When did the Fourth crusaders successfully capture Constantinople for their ally, removing Alexius III?
July 1203
When did the pro-Frankish Emperor Manuel I die?
1180
When did the Venetians have to concede defeat in their conflict with Manuel I of Byzantium?
May 1172
When did the Venetians sign a treaty with Norman Sicily in an attempt to force Byzantines to improve relations?
1175
When did Zara fall to the Fourth Crusade (and was then ransacked)?
24 November 1202
When Doge Michiel return to Venice with the fleet remnants after being defeated in the Byzantine-Venetian War?
May 1172
When was Emperor Andronicus I killed by a mob in Constantinople?
September 1185
When was the bulk of the Latin community in Constantinople (c.60,000) wiped out or forced to flee?
April 1182
When was Zengi murdered while he slept by one of his own servants?
September 1146
When, possibly prompting revenge, had Latin merchants been massacred in Constantinople?
1182
When, possibly prompting revenge, had Venetians and their possessions been seized throughout the Byzantine Empire?
1171
Where did Guy of Lusignan follow Raymond’s advice and avoid battle with Saladin’s forces in September 1183?
al-Fule
Where did major flooding and an earthquake occur (1199-1202) prompting effective action from Al-Adil?
Egypt
Where did Philip of Flanders join an unsuccessful siege on behalf of the prince of Antioch in 1177?
Harim
Where did Reynald of Chatillon become lord of after his marriage to Stephanie of Mily in 1177?
Oultrejordain
Where did Saladin use capable administrators such as Qadi al-Fadil and al-Makhzumi to generate huge wealth?
Egypt
Where did Saladin’s army destroy a Templar and Hospitaller force on 1 May 1187?
Cresson
Where did the crusaders and Franks meet to decide upon a target for the Second Crusade in June 1148?
Acre
Where did the first reinforcements from the West come from after Hattin in 1188?
Norman Sicily
Where did the Fourth Crusade arrive in May 1203, encounter resistance to Alexius and face massive internal division?
Corfu
Where did the Second crusaders accused the Byzantines of attacking their forces on their journey to Constantinople?
Balkans
Where did the threat of Byzantine intervention act as an effective deterrent to Nureddin?
Northern Syria
Where did the Turks break Louis VII’s forces in Anatolia in January 1148?
Mount Cadmus
Where else did Eugenius III grant crusading privileges against Muslims at the time of the Second crusade?
Spain
Where had Nureddin declined to attack out of fear of Byzantine military strength?
Antioch
Where was Baldwin III defeated in battle by Nureddin in June 1157?
Lake Huleh
Where was the Frankish army marching to relieve when they were attacked at Hattin in 1187?
Tiberias
Where was there a conflict over the succession that dragged on between 1201 and 1219?
Principality of Antioch
Where were Frederick I’s ambassadors incarcerated by Isaac II in 1189?
Constantinople
Where were the Frankish armies marching to relieve when they were attacked at Hattin?
Tiberias
Where were the German forces of the Second Crusade annihilated by the Turks in October 1147?
*Dorylaeum (2nd)
Which Abbasid caliph (from 1180) criticised Saladin even after the capture of Jerusalem, out of fear of his power?
al-Nasir
Which Abbasid caliph acknowledged Saladin as ‘Sultan of Egypt and Syria’ in 1176?
al-Mustadi
Which Armenian ruler of Cilicia allied with the Templars against the Seljuk Sultan of Rum in 1154?
Thoros II
Which Ayyubid controlled Aleppo upon the death of Saladin in 1193?
Az-Zahir
Which Ayyubid controlled Egypt upon the death of Saladin in 1193?
Al-Aziz
Which Ayyubid controlled most of Syria and Palestine upon the death of Saladin in 1193?
Al-Afdal
Which Ayyubid faction, the mamluks of Saladin, wanted Saladin’s brother al-Adil to become regent of Egypt in 1198?
Salahiyya
Which Ayyubid faction, the mamluks of Shirkuh, favoured Saladin’s son al-Afdal to become regent of Egypt in 1198?
Asadiyya
Which baron was most opposed to Guy of Lusignan’s kingship?
Raymond III of Tripoli
Which battle did Manuel I compared his defeat in 1176 by the Seljuk Turks to?
Manzikert
Which battle did Nureddin win in Syria in 1164, undermining Amalric’s position in Egypt?
Harim
Which battle in 1176 destroyed the Byzantine army of the pro-Latin Emperor Manuel I?
Myriocephalum
Which blind, elderly, and clever Doge of Venice took the cross (after the crusade was diverted to Zara) in September 1202?
Enrico Dandalo
Which brother of Conrad led the Fourth Crusade from August 1201 after Theobald’s death?
Boniface of Montferrat
Which brother of Nureddin accepted his overlordship of Mosul in 1149?
Qutb ad-Din
Which Byzantine Christian island was raided and sacked by Reynald of Antioch in 1156?
Cyprus
Which Byzantine city did Frederick I seize in 1189 in retaliation for Isaac II’s acts against him?
Philippopolis
Which Byzantine emperor allied with both Baldwin III and Amalric?
Manuel I
Which Byzantine emperor had attempted to revoke the privileges of Venice in the 1120s but had been humiliated?
John II
Which Byzantine emperor was accused of not helping the Second Crusade but became an ally of Outremer?
Manuel I
Which Byzantine military defeat in 1176 undermined its strength in Anatolia and Syria?
Myriocephalum
Which Byzantine princess did Amalric of Jerusalem marry in 1167?
Maria
Which Byzantine princess did Baldwin III marry in 1158?
Theodora
Which Byzantine usurper fled Constantinople just before the Fourth Crusade successfully attacked on 12-13 April 1204?
Alexius V
Which Christian city did the Venetians ask the crusade to capture for them in return for extending them a loan?
Zara
Which city did Guy besiege from 1189 after his release by Saladin?
Acre
Which city did Nureddin fail to take in two unsuccessful sieges in 1150 and 1151?
Damascus
Which city did Raymond of Antioch unsuccessfully urge Louis VII to attack in 1148?
Aleppo
Which city did Richard I retake from Saladin’s recent conquest in July-August 1192?
Jaffa
Which city did the Ayyubid al-Aziz attempt to take from his brother al-Afdal in 1194 and 1195?
Damascus
Which city on the Egyptian coast was the target of a joint land/sea attack by Byzantium and Jerusalem in 1169?
Damietta
Which city took three entire days for the Fourth crusade to sack in mid-April 1204?
Constantinople
Which city was not captured by the Third crusaders despite two marches in 1192?
Jerusalem
Which city was reconquered by the Third Crusade in July 1191 after two years?
Acre
Which city’s capture on 2 October 1187 cemented Saladin’s reputation as a successful leader of the Jihad?
Jerusalem
Which city’s new leader Conrad resisted Saladin in July 1187 and again between November 1187 and January 1188?
Tyre
Which city-state offered transportation and supplies for 33,500 knights, squires and footsoldiers?
Venice
Which claimant to be German Emperor supported his brother-in-law Alexius Angelus in diverting the Fourth Crusade?
Philip of Swabia
Which corrupt Patriarch of Jerusalem and reputed lover of Agnes of Courtenay was a key backer of Sibylla?
Heraclius
Which cousin of Theobald of Champagne took the cross with him at Ecry in November 1199?
Louis of Blois
Which crusader state’s eastern border was, in effect, defended by the Hospitallers?
County of Tripoli
Which daughter of King Louis VII of France did Andronicus I marry in 1183?
Agnes
Which daughter of Unur of Damascus did Nureddin marry in 1147 to seal their alliance?
Ismat
Which element of the Fourth crusade was excommunicated for a lack of penance regarding the attack on Zara?
Venetians
Which Emir of Erbil and Zengid supporter, opposed Saladin at the Horms of Hama but then defected to support him in 1182?
Gokbori
Which English archbishop of Canterbury was killed in 1170 by men acting for Henry II of England?
Thomas Becket
Which event after the Fourth Crusade was an example of how crusading was turned against Christian heretics?
Albigensian Crusade
Which famous knight undertook crusading in 1184 to fulfil the vow of his deceased master?
William Marshal
Which Fatimid coastal city was captured by Baldwin III of Jerusalem in 1153?
Ascalon
Which former Venetian possession did the Doge demand be recaptured by the Fourth Crusade?
Zara
Which formerly Christian prince of Armenia was a major threat to Bohemond III in Cilicia until 1175?
Mleh
Which fortification was Richard I forced to dismantle and surrender due to the truce of Jaffa in 1192?
Ascalon
Which fourth husband of Queen Isabella ruled as king of Jerusalem from 1197 to 1205?
Aimery of Lusignan
Which Frankish archbishop was sent in 1169 to secure aid from the West for Outremer?
Frederick of Tyre
Which Frankish baron was most opposed to Guy of Lusignan?
Raymond III of Tripoli
Which Frankish baron was particularly provocative in his actions against Muslims?
Reynald of Chatillon
Which Frankish castle did Nureddin unsuccessfully attack in 1153?
Banias
Which Frankish city resisted Saladin in July 1187 and again between November 1187 and January 1188?
Tyre
Which Frankish city was captured by al-Adil during the German Crusade of 1197?
Jaffa
Which Frankish city was heavily exposed to Muslim attack and was taken by Zengi in 1144?
Edessa
Which Frankish leader’s kingship was opposed by his barons but supported by Richard I?
Guy of Lusignan
Which Frankish noble family were Raymond III’s most powerful allies in the Kingdom of Jerusalem?
Ibelins
Which Frankish priest was sent in 1169 to secure aid from the West for Outremer but was largely unsuccessful?
Frederick of Tyre
Which Frankish princess did Manuel I marry in 1162?
Maria of Antioch
Which French king returned to Europe after the capture of Acre in late July 1191?
Philip II
Which French negotiator and participant wrote an account of the Fourth Crusade?
Geoffrey of Villehardouin
Which French noble led pilgrims that assisted Frankish forces at al-Buqaia in 1163 and at Harim in 1164?
Hugh VIII of Lusignan
Which French noble returned to Outremer and assisted Amalric of Jerusalem in the years 1164 to 1166?
Thierry of Flanders
Which French noble visited Jerusalem in 1171 but decided not to marry Princess Sibylla despite his previous agreement?
Stephen of Sancerre
Which French noble was the first leader of the Fourth Crusade?
Theobald of Champagne
Which German Emperor launched the German Crusade of 1197 but died in September 1197 before he could join it?
Henry VI
Which German ruler recognised the authority of three successive antipopes (Victor IV, Paschal III and Callixtus III) undermining Pope Alexander III?
Emperor Frederick I
Which Grand Master of the Hospitallers from 1177 to 1187 was killed at the Battle of Cresson?
Roger de Moulins
Which Grand Master promised to provide Amalric I with 500 knights and 500 Turcopoles, in 1168?
Gilbert d’Assailly
Which great city did the Franks temporarily capture in 1167 after a brief siege?
Alexandria
Which great city surrendered almost immediately to Saladin on 8 July 1187?
Acre
Which great victory did Baldwin IV achieve over Saladin in 1177?
Montgisard
Which victory of Baldwin IV over Saladin in 1177 persuaded many in the Latin West that the Franks were not in danger?
Montgisard
Which group did Baldwin III make enforce a trade embargo upon Fatimid Egypt in 1156?
Pisans
Which group did the Templars attack in 1173 despite the safe conduct and deal they had made with Amalric?
Assassins
Which group opposed Sibylla’s (and especially Guy’s) succession to the throne?
’The Pullani’
Which group rejected Saladin’s attempted dominance of Syria between 1174 and 1183?
Zengids
Which group supported Sibylla’s succession to the throne?
’Court party’
Which historian believes that Baldwin III envisaged a ‘Grand Alliance’ of all Christian powers of the Near East against Nureddin?
Prawer
Which holy relic was raised in front of the troops before the battle at Montgisard and was lost at Hattin?
True Cross
Which important castle served as the de facto headquarters of the Hospitallers?
Krak des Chevaliers
Which insurrection against Henry II of England by his family in 1173-74 made it impossible for Henry II to crusade?
Great Rebellion
Which island’s conquest in 1191 greatly added to the security of the crusader states?
Cyprus
Which Italian city-state sent forces that helped to defend Tyre from Saladin in 1189?
Pisa
Which Italian was Sibylla married to in 1177 in the hope that he would bring Latin aid to Outremer?
William of Montferrat
Which king of Jerusalem appealed repeatedly in the 1160s for his kinsman, Henry II of England to aid him?
Amalric
Which king of Jerusalem came to the throne in 1174 afflicted with leprosy?
Baldwin IV
Which king of Jerusalem was assassinated on the streets of Tyre in April 1192?
Conrad
Which king of Sicily led a massive fleet against Alexandria in 1174?
William II
Which king returned to Europe after the capture of Acre in July 1191?
Philip II of France
Which kingdom did Queen Isabella of Jerusalem’s fourth husband Aimery (from 1198) also rule?
Cyprus
Which Latin action ended successfully after 23 months following Richard I and Philip II’s arrival?
Siege of Acre
Which Latin noble arrived in Outremer shortly after Hattin and successful held Tyre against Saladin?
Conrad of Montferrat
Which major Byzantine defeat to the Seljuk Turks of Rum happened on September 17, 1176?
Myriocephalum
Which military order refused to participate in the Frankish invasion of Egypt in 1168?
Templars
Which minor French knight had joined the Second Crusade but then served Baldwin III at Ascalon before marrying Constance of Antioch in 1153?
Reynald of Chatillon
Which Muslim city’s ruler only acknowledged Saladin’s overlordship in 1186?
Mosul
Which Muslim group did Saladin come to terms with in 1176 after his war on them failed?
Assassins
Which Muslim leader succeeded in encircling the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 1170s and 1180s?
Saladin
Which nephew of Saladin left the siege of Acre in March 1191 and did not return?
Taqi al-Din
Which new pope from January 1198 was highly ambitious and determined to assert papal leadership of crusading?
Innocent III
Which of the military orders encouraged Amalric to invade Egypt in 1168 against the advice of others?
Hospitallers
Which papal bull did Pope Innocent III use to launch the Fourth Crusade on 15 August 1198?
Post Miserabile
Which papal bull, in response to the defeat at Hattin, launched the Third Crusade on 29 October 1187?
Audita Tremendi
Which papal bull, issued by Alexander III on 29 July 1169 calling for people to crusade, was not successful?
Inter Omnia
Which papal legate refused to condone the diversion to Zara and did not accompany them there?
Peter Capuano
Which papal letter encouraging crusading was issued by Alexander III in 1181?
Cor Nostrum
Which part of the Third Crusade did Isaac II inform Saladin about as they crossed into Byzantine territory?
Germans
Which people did the Fourth crusaders approach to provide transportation?
Venetians
Which persistent but inconsistent source of military strength was more useful to the Kingdom of Jerusalem than others?
Pilgrims
Which person restored unity to the kingdom of Jerusalem by marrying Isabella in May 1192?
Henry of Champagne
Which person seized the throne in violation of Baldwin IV’s will in August 1186?
Sibylla
Which person succeeded Baldwin IV but died only one year later in August 1186?
Baldwin V
Which place was granted to the Knights Hospitaller by Bohemond III in 1168?
Apamea
Which place’s conquest by Richard I in 1191 greatly added to the security of Outremer?
Cyprus
Which pope from 1181 to 1185 made a largely unsuccessful crusading appeal in 1184?
Lucius III
Which pope issued Audita Tremendi in October 1187 in response to defeat at Hattin?
Gregory VIII
Which pope issued the crusading appeal Cor Nostrum in January 1181 to little effect?
Alexander III
Which pope repeatedly called for crusading support to help Outremer between 1159 and 1181?
Alexander III
Which pope was instrumental in organising support for the Fourth Crusade?
Innocent III
Which pope, between 1159 and 1181, made repeated unsuccessful attempts to encourage crusading?
Alexander III
Which pope, between 1181 and 1184, issued a crusading appeal but to little effect?
Lucius III
Which powerful German noble undertook a pilgrimage to Outremer in 1172 but offered no military support?
Henry the Lion
Which princess of Antioch was married to Raymond of Poitiers and later to Raynald of Chatillon?
Constance
Which prominent Latin nobleman was murdered in the Byzantine power struggle in 1183?
Renier of Montferrat
Which Red Sea castle was recaptured by Saladin from the Franks in December 1170?
Aila
Which rich, powerful noble in Europe whose family had a long crusading pedigree joined the crusade shortly after Ecry?
Baldwin of Flanders
Which ruler of Homs plotted to exploit Saladin’s expected death in 1186 but then died himself of excessive drinking?
Muhammad ibn Shirkuh
Which ruler of Jerusalem died in September 1197 after accidentally falling from a window?
Henry of Champagne
Which ruler of Mosul from 1180 led the remaining opposition to Saladin until 1186?
Izz ad-Din
Which ruler of Mosul, built a coalition of Muslim leaders to oppose Saladin between 1174 and 1180?
Sayf al-Din
Which Second Crusader’s arrival caused tensions in the County of Tripoli until his suspicious death in 1148 due to his superior claim to Raymond II?
Alfonso-Jordan
Which sister of Saladin was married to the emir of Homs to greater bind him to the Ayyubids?
Zumurrud
Which son and heir of Nureddin did Saladin claimed to be working for him but instead worked against him?
al-Salih
Which son of Bohemond III of Tripoli became Count of Tripoli from 1187 until 1233?
Bohemond IV
Which tax was raised by Richard I to fund the Third Crusade?
Saladin tithe
Which territories were conquered by the Fourth Crusade and diverted future crusading away from Outremer?
Frankish Greece
Which territory belonging to Damascus did Baldwin III invade in Spring 1147, driving Unur to ally with Nureddin?
The Hauran
Which territory did Saladin begin to seize after Nureddin’s death in 1174?
Syria
Which territory did the remaining Zengids unsuccessfully attempt to regain after Saladin’s death in 1193?
Jazira
Which territory in the Kingdom of Jerusalem did the Templars come to rule virtually independently?
Gaza
Which territory in the Principality of Antioch did the Templars ruled virtually independently?
Baghras
Which territory was administered by Amalric of Jerusalem after Raymond III’s capture at Harim in 1164?
County of Tripoli
Which territory was Saladin’s first strategic objective after Hattin?
Levantine coast
Which territory was Saladin’s first strategic objective after the Battle of Hattin?
The coast
Which town was besieged by Saladin in early July 1187 after the truce was broken by Raynald of Chatillon’s attack on a caravan?
Tiberias
Which town’s capture in January 1158 was the only tangible achievement of Thierry of Flander’s expedition to Outremer between 1156 and 1159?
Harim
Which truce ended the Third Crusade in early September 1192?
Treaty of Jaffa
Which uncle of Sibylla helped to lead the coup that put her on the throne in 1186?
Joscelin III
Which usurper was removed from the Byzantine throne with crusader support in July 1203?
Alexius III
Which Venetian ambassador negotiated the return of the Venetians to Constantinople in the years 1182 to 1184?
Enrico Dandalo
Which vital crossing point in did Saladin prevented Baldwin IV from fully fortifying in 1179?
Jacob’s Ford
Which wealthy city did the German Crusade of 1197 recapture for the Franks?
Beirut
Which widow of Nureddin did Saladin marry in 1176 to increase the legitimacy of his claim to be ‘Sultan of Egypt and Syria’?
Ismat
Which young son of Al-Aziz ruled Egypt for only two years before being overthrown by al-Adil in 1200?
Al-Mansur
Which Zengid powerbase fell to Saladin in 1183 two years after the death of al-Salih?
Aleppo
Who became regent for the ten-year-old emperor Alexius II in 1180?
Empress Maria of Antioch
Who commanded the German forces during their crusade of 1197?
Henry of Brabant
Who defended the city of Jerusalem from Saladin for two weeks in September 1187?
Balian of Ibelin
Who did Amalric write to asking unsuccessfully for assistance after a devastating earthquake in Summer 1170?
Louis VII of France
Who did Conrad of Montferrat marry in 1190 to claim the throne (though both were already married)?
Queen Isabella
Who did Isaac II seemingly forge an alliance with out of fear of his power?
Saladin
Who did Manuel I unsuccessfully attempt to have married to Constance of Antioch in 1152?
John Roger
Who did Maria Comnena, who was dispatched to Jerusalem, marry in 1167?
King Amalric
Who did Saladin accompany to Egypt in the 1160s?
Shirkuh
Who did Saladin formally recognise as overlord of Egypt between 1169 and 1174?
Nureddin
Who did Saladin send to conquer Yemen from Muslims he claimed were heretical, in the years 1174 to 1176?
Turanshah
Who did the Second crusaders accused of luring them into Turkish ambushes during the crossing of Anatolia?
Byzantine scouts
Who died in 1153, humiliated and disgraced by the failure of the Second Crusade that he had championed?
Bernard of Clairvaux
Who failed to return to the Muslim forces opposing the siege of Acre in Spring 1191 and died fighting Seljuk rivals?
Taqi al-Din
Who fled Cilicia in the mid-1160s and converted to Islam becoming an ally of Nureddin?
Mleh
Who had become the ruler of Syria, Upper Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Arabia by 1200?
Al-Adil
Who ignored papal authority to seize the Templars who defied his will in 1173?
Amalric
Who invaded Byzantium in 1185 and sacked Thessalonica?
William II of Sicily
Who led a Flemish fleet that rejected the proposed diversion to Constantinople and sailed to Outremer?
John of Nesles
Who led the Frankish resistance to Saladin in Tyre from July 1187 onwards?
Conrad of Montferrat
Who led to an invasion of 200 ships and 80,000 men, including 5,000 knights to Thessalonica in 1185?
William II of Sicily
Who married Princess Isabella at Kerak in 1183 whilst Saladin was attacking the castle?
Humphrey of Toron
Who offered to pay 200,000 marks (among other things) to divert the Fourth crusade to Constantinople?
Prince Alexius (IV)
Who opposed diversion to Constantinople, was sent to Outremer to explain the delay and did not speedily return?
Renaud de Montmirail
Who proposed during the Third Crusade that his sister Joan should marry Saladin’s brother al-Adil?
Richard I
Who recaptured Edessa from Joscelin II in December 1146 after the death of his father?
Nureddin
Who restored unity to the kingdom of Jerusalem as ruler from May 1192?
Henry of Champagne
Who seized the Byzantine crown in 1183 after exploiting hostility to Maria of Antioch?
Andronicus I
Who seized the Byzantine throne and killed Andronicus I in September 1185?
Isaac II Angelus
Who seized the Byzantine throne in 1183 and had Alexius II murdered?
Andronicus I
Who sent 50 ships to aid the remaining Frankish territories of Tripoli and Antioch in 1188?
William II of Sicily
Who started to send large sums of money to Jerusalem from 1172 onwards in penance for the murder of Thomas Becket?
Henry II of England
Who succeeded as vizier of Egypt after the death of his uncle Shirkuh in 1169?
Saladin
Who successfully defended Tyre after the fall of the kingdom of Jerusalem?
Conrad of Montferrat
Who travelled North to pay his respects to Manuel I in 1159 after Reynald had been humiliated?
Baldwin III
Who travelled to Outremer in 1177, allegedly to join a planned invasion of Egypt, but fell out with the Franks of Jerusalem?
Philip of Flanders
Who unsuccessfully fought a war against the Byzantines in Cilicia in 1144 and 1145?
Raymond of Antioch
Who was a noble of Outremer who left to move to Constantinople after the Fourth Crusade?
Stephen of Perche
Who was deposed in a place coup in January 1204 and then murdered in February 1204?
Alexius IV
Who was granted regency of Jerusalem in 1183 but stripped of it by the end of the year for his alleged cowardice?
Guy of Lusignan
Who was one of the few lords of the Latin West to bring knights to Outremer but then died at Acre in 1168?
William IV of Nevers
Who was one of the nobles of Outremer who left to move to Constantinople after the Fourth Crusade?
Stephen of Perche
Who was princess Isabella married to in 1183 to remove her from the influence of the Ibelins?
Humphrey of Toron
Who was proclaimed Emperor in 1185 after Andronicus I attempted to kill the aristocracy?
Isaac II Angelus
Who was Saladin’s brother that by 1197 had started to achieve prominence over the other surviving Ayyubids?
al-Adil
Who was Saladin’s loyal governor of Aleppo between 1183 and 1186 then administered Egypt from 1186 to 1192?
al-Adil (Saphadin)
Who was Sultan of Rum that Manuel I had made a 12 year truce with and did not want to offend during the Second Crusade?
Mesud I
Who was the brother of Conrad who ultimately led the Fourth Crusade?
Boniface of Montferrat
Who was the charismatic preacher recruited by Innocent III to gather support for the Fourth Crusade?
Fulk of Neuilly
Who was the chronicler that presented Nureddin as a just ruler inspired by Jihad?
Ibn al-Qalanisi
Who was the first leader of the crusade and brother of Henry of Champagne, the former king of Jerusalem?
Theobald of Champagne
Who was the Grand Master of Templars from 1169 to 1171, temporarily improving relations with Amalric of Jerusalem?
Philip of Nablus
Who was the Grand Master of the Templars, and strong opponent of Raymond III, between 1184 and 1189?
Gerard de Ridefort
Who was the Kurdish general who invaded Egypt to assert Nureddin’s overlordship?
Shirkuh
Who was the leader of a faction that refused to attack the Zarans and abandoned the Fourth Crusade?
Simon de Montfort
Who was the leader of the Venetians who joined the Fourth Crusade?
Enrico Dandalo
Who was the papal legate sent to Venice to secure naval support and transportation for the Fourth Crusade?
Soffredo
Who was the powerful constable of Jerusalem who sided with Baldwin III’s mother in 1150-52?
Manasses
Who was the powerful mother of Baldwin III that refused to surrender power leading to tensions between 1150-52?
Melisende
Who was the ruler of Jerusalem between 1192 and 1197 that was accidentally defenestrated?
Henry of Champagne
Who was the ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem between 1143 and 1163?
Baldwin III
Who was the ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem between 1163 and 1174?
Amalric
Who was the ruler of the Principality of Antioch between 1153 and 1160?
Reynald
Who was the ruler of the Principality of Antioch between 1163 and 1201?
Bohemond III
Who was the Sultan of Rum that defeated the Byzantines at the battle of Myriocephalum?
Kilij Arslan II
Who was the unpopular Latin mother and regent for Alexius II in the years 1180 to 1182?
Maria of Antioch
Who was the vizier of Egypt that was ousted from power in 1163?
Shawar
Who wrote a hostile account of the Second Crusade blaming the Byzantines for its failure?
Odo of Deuil
Who, along with Roger of Mowbray ‘took the cross’ in 1185 in response to Heraclius and the pope’s appeal?
Hugh of Beauchamp
Whose attacks on Byzantium limited its willingness to help the Second Crusade?
Roger II of Sicily
Whose coup in 1186 brought the controversial Frenchman Guy of Lusignan to Jerusalem’s throne?
Sibylla
Whose death in 1180 undermined the Byzantine alliance that had buttressed Outremer?
Manuel I
Whose death in 1186 shattered the political unity of the Kingdom of Jerusalem until 1192?
Baldwin V
Whose death in July 1174 led to the succession of his leprous thirteen-year old son?
Amalric of Jerusalem
Whose death in June 1190, whilst crossing Anatolia, destroyed the German part of the Third crusade?
Frederick I
Whose forces did Isaac II attempt to hinder during the Third Crusade?
Frederick I of Germany
Whose kingship was undermined by the death of Queen Sibylla outside Acre in 1190?
Guy of Lusignan
Whose marriage to the future Henry II of England in 1152 led to increasing rivalry between England and France?
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Whose poor relationship with his wife Hodierna concluded with his unusual death at the hands of the Assassins in 1152?
Raymond II of Tripoli
Whose trade privileges were greatly extended by Alexius III in 1197, giving the impression that he was partisan to them?
Pisa
Whose unexpected death in 1199 released many of his nobles to participate in the Fourth Crusade?
Richard I
With which former enemy did Thoros II of Cilicia ally with to attack Byzantine Cyprus in 1156?
Reynald of Antioch
With which Sultan of Rum did Saladin have an uneasy and mutually untrusting relationship?
Kilij Arlsan II
