Franks of Outremer and the Latin West, c.1169-1189

Question 1

In which year were Frankish and Byzantine efforts to seize the Egyptian port of Damietta unsuccessful?

Answer 1

1169

Question 2

Which papal bull, issued by Alexander III on 29 July 1169 calling for people to crusade, was not successful?

Answer 2

Inter Omnia

Question 3

Whose death in July 1174 led to the succession of his leprous thirteen-year old son?

Answer 3

Amalric of Jerusalem

Question 4

In which year did Nureddin and Amalric I die and Baldwin IV become king of Jerusalem?

Answer 4

1174

Question 5

Which territory did Saladin begin to seize after Nureddin’s death in 1174?

Answer 5

Syria

Question 6

What affliction undermined Baldwin IV of Jerusalem’s health and kingship (1174-1185)?

Answer 6

Leprosy

Question 7

When did Baldwin IV achieve a great victory over Saladin at Montgisard?

Answer 7

November 1177

Question 8

Where did Reynald of Chatillon become lord of after his marriage to Stephanie of Mily in 1177?

Answer 8

Oultrejordain

Question 9

Which battle in 1176 destroyed the Byzantine army of the pro-Latin Emperor Manuel I?

Answer 9

Myriocephalum

Question 10

At which battle did Saladin defeat Baldwin IV’s forces in June 1179?

Answer 10

Marj Ayyun

Question 11

At which place did Saladin destroy the key fortification being built by Baldwin IV in August 1179?

Answer 11

Jacob’s Ford

Question 12

Whose death in 1180 undermined the Byzantine alliance that had buttressed Outremer?

Answer 12

Manuel I

Question 13

Who married Princess Isabella at Kerak in 1183 whilst Saladin was attacking the castle?

Answer 13

Humphrey of Toron

Question 14

When did Baldwin IV die leaving his nephew, a seven-year old boy, as King of Jerusalem?

Answer 14

March 1185

Question 15

Which person succeeded Baldwin IV but died only one year later in August 1186?

Answer 15

Baldwin V

Question 16

Which Frankish baron was most opposed to Guy of Lusignan?

Answer 16

Raymond III of Tripoli

Question 17

When did Baldwin IV arrange the marriage of Sibylla and Guy in response to a feared coup against him?

Answer 17

April 1180

Question 18

Which Frankish noble family were Raymond III’s most powerful allies in the Kingdom of Jerusalem?

Answer 18

Ibelins

Question 19

Which Frankish baron was particularly provocative in his actions against Muslims?

Answer 19

Reynald of Chatillon

Question 20

Which group supported Sibylla’s succession to the throne?

Answer 20

’Court party’

Question 21

Where was the Frankish army marching to relieve when they were attacked at Hattin in 1187?

Answer 21

Tiberias

Question 22

At which battle on 4th July 1187 was Jerusalem’s army destroyed?

Answer 22

Hattin

Question 23

Which group opposed Sibylla’s (and especially Guy’s) succession to the throne?

Answer 23

’The Pullani’

Question 24

Which corrupt Patriarch of Jerusalem and reputed lover of Agnes of Courtenay was a key backer of Sibylla?

Answer 24

Heraclius

Question 25

Where did Saladin’s army destroy a Templar and Hospitaller force on 1 May 1187?

Answer 25

Cresson

Question 26

What did Saladin largely conquer in three months after the battle of Hattin in 1187?

Answer 26

Kingdom of Jerusalem

Question 27

Which territory was Saladin’s first strategic objective after the Battle of Hattin?

Answer 27

The coast

Question 28

Which uncle of Sibylla helped to lead the coup that put her on the throne in 1186?

Answer 28

Joscelin III

Question 29

Who defended the city of Jerusalem from Saladin for two weeks in September 1187?

Answer 29

Balian of Ibelin

Question 30

Which person seized the throne in violation of Baldwin IV’s will in August 1186?

Answer 30

Sibylla

Question 31

What happened to Reynald of Chatillon after his capture at Hattin in July 1187?

Answer 31

Execution

Question 32

Which great city surrendered almost immediately to Saladin on 8 July 1187?

Answer 32

Acre

Question 33

Which holy relic was raised in front of the troops before the battle at Montgisard and was lost at Hattin?

Answer 33

True Cross

Question 34

Which Frankish city resisted Saladin in July 1187 and again between November 1187 and January 1188?

Answer 34

Tyre

Question 35

Who led the Frankish resistance to Saladin in Tyre from July 1187 onwards?

Answer 35

Conrad of Montferrat

Question 36

Members of what were executed by Saladin after the Battle of Hattin?

Answer 36

Military Orders

Question 37

When did Guy of Jerusalem begin the two-year siege of Acre in defiance of Saladin?

Answer 37

August 1189

Question 38

Who was the Grand Master of the Templars, and strong opponent of Raymond III, between 1184 and 1189?

Answer 38

Gerard de Ridefort

Question 39

Which Grand Master of the Hospitallers from 1177 to 1187 was killed at the Battle of Cresson?

Answer 39

Roger de Moulins

Question 40

In the summer of which year did Saladin take most of the coastal castles and towns of the states of Tripoli and Antioch?

Answer 40

1188

Question 41

When did Saladin’s attack fail to dislodge the Latins besieging Acre?

Answer 41

October 1189

Question 42

Which insurrection against Henry II of England by his family in 1173-74 made it impossible for Henry II to crusade?

Answer 42

Great Rebellion

Question 43

What did Western Christians perceive that the Franks of Outremer lived in and thus could pay for their own defence?

Answer 43

Luxury

Question 44

Which Frankish archbishop was sent in 1169 to secure aid from the West for Outremer

Answer 44

Frederick of Tyre

Question 45

When did Alexander III issue his unsuccessful papal bull, Inter Omnia, calling for Latins to crusade?

Answer 45

29 July 1169

Question 46

Which English archbishop of Canterbury was killed in 1170 by men acting for Henry II of England?

Answer 46

Thomas Becket

Question 47

How many knights a year did Henry II promise (but fail) to send to Outremer as absolution for killing Becket?

Answer 47

Two hundred

Question 48

What aid did Henry II send every year instead of knights as absolution for killing Becket?

Answer 48

2,000 silver marks

Question 49

Which pope, between 1159 and 1181, made repeated unsuccessful attempts to encourage crusading?

Answer 49

Alexander III

Question 50

Which papal letter encouraging crusading was issued by Alexander III in 1181?

Answer 50

Cor Nostrum

Question 51

Which famous English knight was visited Outremer on a pilgrimage in 1183-84 but achieved little?

Answer 51

William Marshal

Question 52

Which great victory of Baldwin IV over Saladin in 1177 persuaded many in the Latin West that the Franks were not in danger?

Answer 52

Montgisard

Question 53

Which pope, between 1181 and 1184, issued a crusading appeal but to little effect?

Answer 53

Lucius III

Question 54

Keys to which place were offered to both Louis VII of France and Henry II of England in 1184 but refused?

Answer 54

Jerusalem

Question 55

Which king of Jerusalem appealed repeatedly in the 1160s for his kinsman, Henry II of England to aid him?

Answer 55

Amalric

Question 56

Which Italian was Sibylla married to in 1177 in the hope that he would bring Latin aid to Outremer?

Answer 56

William of Montferrat

Question 57

Who travelled to Outremer in 1177, allegedly to join a planned invasion of Egypt, but fell out with the Franks of Jerusalem?

Answer 57

Philip of Flanders

Question 58

In which year did small crusading forces of Duke Godfrey of Louvain and Ralph of Mauleon participate in the al-Fule campaign?

Answer 58

1183

Question 59

Which Latin noble arrived in Outremer shortly after Hattin and successful held Tyre against Saladin?

Answer 59

Conrad of Montferrat

Question 60

Which papal bull, in response to the defeat at Hattin, launched the Third Crusade on 29 October 1187?

Answer 60

Audita Tremendi

Question 61

Who sent 50 ships to aid the remaining Frankish territories of Tripoli and Antioch in 1188?

Answer 61

William II of Sicily

Question 62

When did the Archbishop of Pisa arrive at Tyre with 52 ships, thus preventing Saladin’s naval blockade?

Answer 62

6 April 1189

Question 63

Large numbers of forces from the Third Crusade joined Guy of Lusignan’s siege of which key city?

Answer 63

Acre

Question 64

Fifty ships commanded by nobles of which kingdom arrived in Outremer in early September 1189?

Answer 64

Denmark