SA And Judgement And Decision Making Flashcards
What is situational awareness?
- Process of maintaining a mental model which compare with the real world situation.
- One’s ability toe accurately perceive what is going on in the cockpit and outside the aircraft.
What are some strategies to maintain and enhance SA
ANCA - aviate, navigate, communicate, administrate
GUT - gather, understand, think ahead
What is the relationship between CRM and the building of SA amongst flight crew?
- Effectively using all available resources to enhance safety and efficiency of flight
- Using CRM increases your access to information and can dramatically improve chances of catching an error or solving a problem
Distinguish between skills, knowledge and attitudes.
Skills = Hand-eye coordination, enables accurate flying of an aircraft
Knowledge = comprehension on a certain topic
Attitudes = a set of emotions, beliefs and behaviours toward a particular object, person, thing, or event
What are methods of countering hazardous attitudes?
Anti-authority - follow the rules, they are usually right
Impulsivity - Think first
Invulnerability - It could happen to me
Macho - Taking chances is foolish
Resignation - I’m not helpless, I can make a difference
- Apply personal limits
- Beware of get-home-itis
- Don’t be in a rush
Describe the error/poor judgement chain
The concept that many error lead to an accident rather than one single event.
Typically stem from furan factor-related mistakes and pilot error rather than mechanical failure
What are some red flags that can assist in identifying the error/poor judgement chain?
- Fatigue
- Workload
- Poor comms
- Imperfect info processing
- Cognitive overload
- Flawed decision making
The most important step in breaking the chain is recognising that you have made an error of poor judgement.
What are some risk assessment techniques?
- Formalised way of dealing with hazard, a logical process of weighing the potential costs of risks against possible benefits of allowing those risks to stand uncontrolled
- Once identified, risks must be assessed to determine the degree of risk (negligible, low, medium, or high)
- If the degree of risk is acceptable the planned activity may be undertaken.
What are risk levels that compromise safety?
- Any risk above acceptable risk
Risk = the severity of the potential loss x the probability that the loss will occur
What are risks that would degrade safety goals?
Use PAVE checklist - Pilot, Aircraft, Environment, External pressure.
Once the risk is identified, the pilot must decide whether the risk or combination of risks can be managed safely.
If not, cancel the flight
If yes, develop mitigation strategies
What are some risk management strategies?
- Isolation = taking steps to remove a hazard, engage in an alternative activity
- Mitigation = reduce risk
- Elimination = there is no way to totally eliminate the risk in decision making. There will always be risk.
What are the general concepts behind decision making?
Need for decision is generally trigger by the recognition that something has changed or that something expected has not occurred.
Response depends on:
- receiving information
- converting information into reality
- generating options
- analysing options
- deciding
- reviewing decisions/action
What are methods of enhancing decision making skills?
- Preparation
- Decision making training - SIM
- CRM training - team decision making, delegate
- Decision making models/aids
- Have reserved mental capacity
- Big picture thinking
- Communication
The application of DECIDE model.
DECIDE = detect, estimate, choose, identify, do, evaluate
The application of the SADIE model.
SADIE = share information, analyse information, develop best solution, implements your decision, evaluate the outcome
The application of FDODAR model
FDODAR = flying the plane, diagnose, options, decide, act or assign, review
What are the specific factors that influence the decision making process?
- Level of SA
- Time
- Workload
- Team work
- Skill
- Experience
- Knowledge
What are the setting of personal limitation and decision points?
- Predetermined personal standard and there are habit patterns and checklists which incorporate them.
- An individuals set of procedures, rules, criteria, and guidelines for deciding on weather an operation that provide a safety buffer.
What are the dangers of get-home- itis?
- Continuing, despite a lack of readiness of the aircraft or crew and availability of reasonable lower-risk alternative
Has cause many fatal accidents
What are situation where time pressure compromises safety or increases risk levels?
- Beware of takes that can be time consuming, try to prioritise to buy time.
- Stems from get-home-itis - if the pilot is determined to push the limits or make another sector this could become very dangerous with regard to daylight, weather, fuel, commercial requirements
