Design Of Controls, Documents And Procedures Flashcards
The importance of control design
- Needs to be in easily accessible layout
- Size and shape are distinguishable
- Control movement should be compatible with the required effect
- Force required to operate controls should be the similar for all the controls in the cockpit.
The importance of size of the design of instrumentation, displays and alerts.
Will be dictated by available panel space which leads to prioritisation.
The importance of position of the design of instrumentation, displays and alerts.
- The position of the visual displays will be determined by the design eye position. Frequently used instruments should be placed where they can most easily be seen.
The importance of layout of the design of instrumentation, displays and alerts.
Instruments should be laid out in a logical order, and in a way which the pilot can scan them easily.
The importance of visibility of the design of instrumentation, displays and alerts.
Instruments and displays are designed to be looked at, so there’s no point positioning them where they can’t be seen, such as in strange areas of the cockpit or hidden behind other controls.
The importance of legibility of the design of instrumentation, displays and alerts.
Mixture of upper and lower case letters.
The importance of scale of the design of instrumentation, displays and alerts.
Traditionally moving pointer scale has always been used, however most displays are digital these days with colour coding.
The importance of use of colour of the design of instrumentation, displays and alerts.
- Attention getter
- Red and amber are preferred warning and caution colours with green indicating a normal parameter.
The importance of illumination of the design of instrumentation, displays and alerts.
- To make displays visible in a dimly lit cockpit
- Must be such that they are visible to both pilots if in a multi crew cockpit, and not cause shadows or glare
- Brilliance must be adjustable
What are common errors in display interpretation?
- Mis-reading information and information overload can lead to things being missed.
What is parallax error?
- Displacement or difference in the apparent position of an object(instrument) viewed along two different lines of sight.
- Instruments should be placed in such a position as to not cause parallax error.
Potential errors in the interpretation of three pointer altimeters.
Misreading three point altimeters
Potential errors in the interpretation of the artificial horizon.
- Sky pointer - points to the sky, can be easily mis-interpreted
What are the basic requirements of alerts?
- To alert the pilot to the existence of a problem e.g. by means of flashing light
- Alers can be aural, visual or physical
- Illuminated captions
- Guides pilots to correct action
What are the problems associated with the presentation and misinterpretation of alerts?
- People tend to see what they expect to see, especially in a crisis situation
- There is danger of ignoring warnings through over familiarity
How does colour coding convention are used in aviation on instrument and displays?
Flashing red = warning = immediate response required
Red = warning = corrective response required
Amber = caution = crew awareness of configuration or failure. Immediate response not necessarily required.
Green = proceed = normal operation
White = titles and remarks = follow procedural steps
Blue = advisory = carry out actions or observe limitations
What is the rationale behind consistent and thorough checklist use as opposed to reliance on memory?
- Checklists - read them
Distinguish between normal and emergency checklists.
- Normal checklists are used for all flight phases, including preflight and post-flight but particularly prior to the critical phases.
- Non-normal checklist is used to guide pilots through the correct sequence of actions for emergency situation and/or malfunction of the aircraft systems
What are the elements of an effective checklist?
- In abbreviated form - all the information required by the trained flight crew to operate the airplane in most normal and on-normal situation
- Organised in segments of flight
What are the phases of flight where a checklist plays an important role?
- Take off
- Approach
- Landing
What are the reasons for checklist complacency?
- Errors result from trying to complete checklists too rapidly, or without giving full attention to the task
- Avoid routine, rote responses and ensure that the item called for has been checked carefully before responding
What is the importance of colour, font and type size for written checklists?
- Legibility is essential
- Font size = large
- Confusing abbreviations should be avoided
What are the problems associated with the design and use of checklists and manuals?
- When there is interruptions, items can be missed or overlooked when returning to the list
- These should not be committed to memory as it can lead to complacency
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