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BodyLog * > S9 Lymphatics > Flashcards

S9 Lymphatics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of movement through vessels in the lymphatic system from the cells to the vein?

A

cells to capillaries to trunks to ducts to vein

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2
Q

How is the lymph moved around the lymphatic system?

A

Lymph is propelled by compression by local veins and arteries (lymphagion).

Ducts and trunks have smooth muscle.

It’s a low pressure system

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3
Q

Where are lymphatics not found?

A

Brain

CNS

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4
Q

What is the role of the thymus?

A

The thymus carries out THYMIC CELL EDUCATION (stem cells activated to T cells which activate B cells).

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5
Q

Where is the thymus found and what happens to it as you get older?

A

The thymus is found between the lungs. It shrinks as you get older.

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6
Q

What do lymph nodes do and what do they look like?

A

They filter lymph (afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels).

Look like kidneys

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7
Q

Where are lots of lymph nodes found?

A

Groin
Neck
Armpit

(Think of areas that get infected easily)

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8
Q

What is the clinical name for enlarged lymph nodes?

A

Lymphadenopathy

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9
Q

What does the spleen contain?

A

Red pulp

White pulp

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10
Q

What does red pulp do?

A

Site of haematopoiesis - removal and destruction of old/damaged/abnormal erythrocytes and platelets and stores erythrocytes - filters RBC

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11
Q

What does the white pulp do?

A

Site of immune response - antigen presentation/activation and proliferation of B and T lymphocytes.

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12
Q

What is a splenectomy?

A

Removal of spleen.

You can live without your spleen - bone marrow and liver can carry out haematopoiesis. However increased infection risk by encapsulated bacteria.

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13
Q

What is splenomegaly?

A

Enlargement of the spleen due to infection (localised or systematic)

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14
Q

What is lymphoma?

A

Malignancy of lymphoid tissue

Two types: Hodgkin’s and Non-hodgkin’s.

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15
Q

How much lymph is produced each day?

A

3-4L (it is recycled)

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16
Q

Upper right of body…

Rest of body…

A

…lymph drains into right subclavian vein (or internal jugular vein)

…lymph drains into the left “ “ “

17
Q

Where is the spleen?

A

Behind (inferior to) the stomach

18
Q

What do the tonsils do?

A

Prevent ingress of pathogens through nasal/oral routes

19
Q

What do tonsils and vermiform appendix have to increase SA?

A

Crypts

20
Q

What cells are on the surface epithelia of tonsils? And what do they do?

A

Microfold cells - present antigens to underlying immune cells

21
Q

Why do tonsils swell?

A

Due to B and T cell proliferation

22
Q

What is the type of tonsil we’re most interested in?

A

Palatine tonsil

23
Q

What is in the lymph from the GI tract?

A

Chyle - white cloudy substance that contains fat and dissolved lipids.

24
Q

What does the appendix do?

A

Prevents pathogen ingress from GI routes and ileum.

25
Q

Name the lymphatic organs.

A 
Tonsils,
Thymus,
Spleen, 
Vermiform Appendix,
Lymph Nodes,
Payer’s patches
26
Q

Can you live without a appendix?

A

Yes, can be removed by appendectomy.

You aren’t immunocompromised when it is removed as rest of GI tract has lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue (GALT - gut associated lymphoid tissue).

27
Q

What do Payer’s patches do?

A

Make T and B cells to fight infection in stomach and contain microfold cells to do so (present antigens to lymphocytes)

28
Q

Where do you find Payer’s patches?

A

Side of ileum

29
Q

What is the name of the 1st node that metastatic cancer develops?

A

Sentinel lymph nodes

30
Q

What are primary and secondary lymphoedema?

A

Primary - congenital (e.g. milroy’s diease)

Secondary - due to medical intervention/immobility/parasites/infection (e.g. cellulitis - vessel obstruction)

31
Q

How can sentinel lymph nodes be used in cancer detection?

A

First lymph nodes to swell.

Inject purple dye into this area and can see where cancer has spread to.

32
Q

How do you treat lymphoedema?

A

There’s no cure, only improvement of symptoms.

Can use compression stockings

33
Q

What are the four main functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. Fluid balance
  2. Transport of fats and fat-soluble vitamins (from digestive system to venous circulation)
  3. Defence against pathogens and disease
  4. Storage and destruction of aged erythrocytes (spleen)
34
Q

What are germinal centres?

A

Sites at which mature B cells proliferate.

Dendritic cells attract helper T cells which activate B cells which proliferate at germinal centres.

35
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

Antigen presenting cells

BodyLog * (16 decks)

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