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BodyLog * > S3 Glands > Flashcards

S3 Glands Flashcards

1
Q

What is a gland?

A

An epithelial cell or aggregate of epithelial cells that are specialised for the secretion of a substance

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2
Q

What is secretion?

A

The production and release of materials by a cell or aggregate of cells

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3
Q

How do glands regulate human physiology?

A

Receive stimulus from the brain

Receive stimulus from circulating levels of chemicals and from neighbouring cells

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4
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Ductless, secrete hormones directly into the blood stream and secretion acts on distant parts of the body

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5
Q

What are 3 examples of endocrine glands?

A
  1. Pituitary gland
  2. Thyroid gland
  3. Parathyroid gland
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6
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Ducted glands that secrete enzymes/lubricants into a location or region of the body through a duct

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7
Q

What are 5 examples of exocrine glands?

A
  1. Salivary gland
  2. Pancreas
  3. Mammary gland
  4. Sebaceous gland
  5. Lachrymal glands
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8
Q

Which cells of the duct secrete the product?

A

The cells at the apex of the duct

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9
Q

What a growth factor causes gland formation?

A

Fibroblast-growth factor

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10
Q

How are glands produced in uterus development?

A
  1. Epithelial cells proliferate due to FGF released by MSC
  2. In exocrine glands, central cells die off to produce a duct (canalicularisation)
  3. In endocrine glands, produce angiogenesis factors to stimulate blood vessel growth in and around the epithelial cells (and duct cells disappear)
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11
Q

What do some cells at the excretory end of the duct change morphology into? What is their role?

A

Myoepithelial cells - have features of epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells - help to eject secretions from the duct

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12
Q

What is another name for alveolar?

A

Acinar

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13
Q

What are the 7 different gland duct shapes?

A
  1. Simple tubular
  2. Simple branched tubular
  3. Simple alveolar
  4. Simple branched alveolar
  5. Compound tubular
  6. Compound alveolar
  7. Compound tubuloalveolar
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14
Q

What is an example of where you can find simple tubular ducts?

A

Intestinal glands

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15
Q

What is an example of where you can find simple branched tubular ducts?

A

Stomach glands

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16
Q

What is an example of where you can find simple alveolar ducts?

A

No important examples in human

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17
Q

What is an example of where you can find simple branched alveolar ducts?

A

Sebaceous glands

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18
Q

What is an example of where you can find compound tubular ducts?

A

Duodenal glands of small intestine

19
Q

What is an example of where you can find compound alveolar ducts?

A

Mammary glands

20
Q

What is an example of where you can find compound tubuloalveolar ducts?

A

Salivary glands

21
Q

What are the two types of secretion from salivary glands?

A

Mucous and serous

22
Q

What are 5 stages of salivary gland growth and development?

A
  1. Prebud
  2. Initial bud
  3. Psuedoglandular
  4. Canalicular
  5. Terminal bud
23
Q

What is merocrine secretion? Give an example of a gland.

A

Fusion of vesicles with apical membrane

Acinar and endocrine glands of the pancreas

24
Q

What is apocrine secretion? Give examples of glands.

A

Partial loss of cytoplasm

Lactating mammary gland and sweat glands in external genitalia

25
Q

What is Holocene secretion? Give an example of a gland.

A

Complete loss of cytoplasm or cell

Sebaceous gland in skin

26
Q

What is cytocrine secretion? Give an example of a gland.

A

Cells are released as a secretion

Spermatid released from the seminiferous tubule (testis)

27
Q

What are the two merocrine pathways?

A
  1. Regulated secretion - secretory granules accumulate in large vesicles and are released by exocytosis upon stimulation (regulated by Ca2+)
  2. Constitutive secretion - secretory product isn’t concentrated into granules, it is packaged into small vesicles and is continuously released to the cells surface - used to repopulate the plasma membrane with plasma proteins
28
Q

How does insulin secretion occur?

A
  1. Glucose enter cell through GLUT2
  2. Glucose is metabolised, this releases ATP
  3. The ATP activates the ATP-sensitive K+ channels resulting in K+ moving out of the cell
  4. This leads to membrane depolarisation
  5. Depolarisation causes Ca2+ influx
  6. Ca2+ activates the vesicles containing insulin to exocytose, releasing insulin
29
Q

What is the only thing secreted by apocrine secretion in the neonatal period?

A

Fats

30
Q

During lactation, what is secreted by apocrine secretion?

A

Fats and proteins

31
Q

Describe the process of Holocene secretion in sebaceous glands.

A
  1. Secretory cell fills up with secretory granules
  2. Cell organelles degenerate
  3. Cell dies
  4. Plasma membrane breaks down and the contents empty into the duct
  5. The dead cells are replaced by mitotic division of the basal cells
32
Q

What is glycolysation of proteins?

A

The covalent attachment of sugars (by enzymes) to proteins and lipids to form glycoproteins and glycolipids

33
Q

What are the roles of glycolysation of proteins/lipids?

A
  1. Aids protein folding
  2. Prevents protein and lipid digestion by intracellular proteases/lipases
  3. Cell recognition
  4. Involved in cell to ECM attachment
34
Q

How many proteins undergo glycolysation?

A

About half

35
Q

Where does glycolysation happen?

A

In the Golgi apparatus

36
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Secretion of molecules outside the cell via a vesicle fusing to a membrane

37
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Engulfing of molecules inside the cell via vesicle formation

38
Q

What is phagocytosis? Which cells use this?

A

Process by which cells envelop or engulf other cells or particles.

Immune response cells - macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils

39
Q

What is pinocytosis? Which cells use this?

A

Process in which liquid droplets are ingested by cells

Used by all cells, especially smooth muscle cells

40
Q

What are the types transepithelial transport?

A

Transcytosis from lumen to interstitium or the opposite way.

  • molecules move through aqueous channels in intercellular junctions (paracellular transport) - amino acids
  • molecules move through lipid cell membranes (trasncellular transport) - steroid hormones
  • molecules transported through carrier proteins into/out of cells - thyroxine transport across thyroid follicular cell
  • molecules may bind to cell surface receptors, become engulfed by cell membrane (endocytosis) and then released inside the cell or expelled via vesicles out of the cell and into the extracellular space (exocytosis) - cholesterol transport
41
Q

What is an example of a humoral stimulus in glandular control?

A

Low blood Ca2+ concentration stimulates secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) which acts to increase blood Ca2+

Through feedback loop

42
Q

What is an example of a neural stimulus in glandular control?

A

Preganglionic sympathetic fibres stimulate adrenal medulla cella’s to secrete catecholamines (amino acid derivatives) - adrenaline and noradrenaline

43
Q

What is an example of a hormonal stimulus in glandular control?

A

The hypothalamus secretes hormones that stimulates the anterior pituitary glands to secrete hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones

44
Q

What is neurocrine communication?

A

Release of neurotransmitters

BodyLog * (16 decks)

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