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BodyLog * > S3 Endocrine Tissue > Flashcards

S3 Endocrine Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?

A

TSH, ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), FSH, LH, GH (growth hormone), prolactin, MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone)

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2
Q

What does the posterior pituitary gland secrete?

A

ADH, vasopressin, oxytocin

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3
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Base of the brain

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4
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

Anterior to the trachea

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5
Q

What does the thyroid gland secrete?

A

T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triodothyroinine)

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6
Q

Where is the parathyroid gland located?

A

Lies on the dorsal surface of the thyroid gland (4 glands, 2 pairs)

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7
Q

What does the parathyroid hormone secrete?

A

Parathormone/parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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8
Q

Where are adrenal glands located?

A

Top of each kidney (made up of 2 sections - medulla and cortex)

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9
Q

What do adrenal glands secrete?

A

Cortex - corticosteroids (glucosteroids and mineralcorticoids), androgen, oestrogen and progestin

Medulla - adrenaline and noradrenaline

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10
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

Left of and behind the stomach

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11
Q

What does the pancreas secrete?

A

It has exocrine and endocrine glands

Exocrine - digestive enzymes into duodenum

Endocrine - insulin secreted by beta cells, glucagon secreted by alpha cells (of islets of Langerhans - cell clusters)

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12
Q

What hormone does the heart secrete?

A

ANP (atrial natriuretic factors)

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13
Q

What does the stomach secrete?

A

Gastrin, ghrelin, lepton, somatostatin and secretin

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14
Q

What does the liver secrete?

A

Insulin-like growth factor, angiotensinogen, angiotensin, THROMBOPOIETIN

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15
Q

What does the duodenum secrete?

A

Secretin and cholecystokinin

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16
Q

What does the kidney secrete?

A

Renin, ERYTHROPOIETIN, calcitriol and THROMBOPOIETIN

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17
Q

What are the two types if amino-acid derived hormones?

A
  1. Catecholamines

2. Thyroid hormones

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18
Q

What are the four types of hormones?

A
  1. Peptide hormones (glycoproteins)
  2. Steroid hormones
  3. Catecholamines
  4. Thyroid hormones
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19
Q

What does the hypothalamus produce?

A
  • vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin - travel to posterior pituitary through nerves (neurocrine)
  • produces 6 hormones that travel via the hypothalamo- hypophyseal portal system (blood) to the anterior pituitary
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20
Q

What does the hypothalamus control (6 items)?

A
  1. Thermoregulation
  2. Heart rate and blood pressure
  3. Feeding
  4. Circadian rhythms
  5. Emotion
  6. Lactation
21
Q

What is another name for the pituitary gland?

A

Hypophysis

22
Q

What is a portal system?

A

Blood from first set of capillaries collects in a portal vessel (portal vein) which branches again to supply a capillary network in a second location, before entering a series of beings which will lead to the heart

23
Q

What are the locations of the two portal systems in humans?

A
  1. Hypothalamo-hypophyseal (hypothalamus to anterior pituitary)
  2. Small intestine to liver
24
Q

What are all pituitary hormones subject to?

A

Constitutive and regulated merocrine secretion - so always a small concentration of these hormones in the blood

25
Q

What are the TSH, T3 and T4 levels in hyperthyroidism (Grave’s disease)?

A

TSH - low
T3 - high
T4 - normal to high

26
Q

What are the TSH, T3 and T4 levels in hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s disease)?

A

TSH - high
T3 - low
T4 - normal to low

27
Q

What are parafollicular cells? What do they produce? What is their role?

A

Neuroendocrine cells found in the thyroid

Produce calcitonin (peptide hormone)

Monitor plasma Ca2+ concentrations and decrease levels of Ca2+ (opposite of PTH) - inhibit osteoclast activity and inhibit renal Ca2+ and (PO4)3- reabsorption in tubular cells (more calcium and phosphate secreted)

28
Q

What are the roles of the parathyroid gland?

A

Monitor plasma calcium concentrations - if low Ca2+, make PTH

Negative feedback loop, when Ca2+ concentration reaches a set point, parathyroid glands stop making PTH

29
Q

What does PTH do?

A

It causes bones to release calcium into the blood and absorb more from the GI tract

30
Q

What is parathyroid disease?

A

Over-production of PTH from a parathyroid tumour which leads to high plasma calcium concentrations.

Causes symptoms of the brain, muscles and bones.

31
Q

Which adrenal gland is bigger, the left or right?

A

Right

32
Q

What makes up the medulla?

A

Chromaffin cells (modified neurons)

And myelinated presynaptic sympathetic nerve fibres

33
Q

What happens when a nerve impulse reaches the chromaffin cells?

A

Release adrenaline and noradrenaline

34
Q

What are two examples of catecholamines?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

35
Q

What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex?

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa
  2. Zona fasciciulata
  3. Zona reticularis
36
Q

What hormone does the zona glomerulosa secrete?

A

Aldosterone - regulates BP

37
Q

What hormones does the zona fasciculata secrete?

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisone/cortisol) - mobilise fats, proteins and carbs

38
Q

What hormones does the zona reticularis secrete?

A

Androgen precursors (androstenedione, DHEA, etc)

39
Q

What is stress defined as?

A

A state of real or perceived threat to homeostasis

40
Q

What is a stress response?

A

Maintenance of homeostasis through the activation of the endocrine, nervous and immune systems by stimuli

41
Q

What are chromaffin cells considered the equivalent of?

A

Postsynaptic neurones

42
Q

What do mineralcorticoids do?

A
  1. Involved in the retention of sodium and water by the kidneys
  2. Increase the blood volume and blood pressure
43
Q

What type of granules are found in the pancreas?

A

Zymogen granules

44
Q

How is the pancreas connected?

A

Through intercalated ducts to the pancreatic duct which joins with the bile duct to make the common bile duct

45
Q

What cells line the intercalated ducts of the pancreas?

A

Cuboidal epithelial cells

46
Q

What hormone is secreted from delta cells in the islets of Langerhans?

A

Somatostatin

47
Q

What do the exocrine glands of the pancreas secrete?

A
  • trypsinogen (—> trypsin)
  • chymotrypsinogen (—> chymotrypsin)
  • lipase
  • amylase
  • ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease
  • gelatinase
  • elastase
48
Q

What do the endocrine glands of the pancreas secrete?

A
  • glucagon (alpha cells)
  • insulin (beta cells)
  • somatostatin (delta cells)
  • pancreatic polypeptide (PP cells)
  • secretin (EC cells)
  • ghrelin (E cells)
  • gastrin (G cells)
49
Q

What structure are the exocrine glands in the pancreas?

A

Acinar

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