Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BodyLog * > S11 Nervous System > Flashcards

S11 Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What two areas form the nervous system?

A
  1. CNS

2. PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What type of reaction is the knee jerk reaction?

A

An unconditional reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where does the parasympathetic system arise from?

A

Nuclei found in brain stem and sacral region of the spinal cord (S2-S4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where does the sympathetic nervous system arise from?

A

Nuclei found in thoracolumbar region of spinal cord (T1-L2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Out of the cranial nerves, which number is the vagus nerve?

A

10 (X)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where do the sensory neurones have cell bodies?

A

In the dorsal root ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does anterograde transport, transport down the nerve?

A

Empty secretory vesicles and mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are Nissl bodies composed of?

A

Polyribosomes and RER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens to synaptic vesicles at the presynaptic membrane?

A

They fuse with the presynaptic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the CNS composed of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

Contains relay neurons/interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the PNS composed of?

A

Cranial, spinal and peripheral nerves

Contains sensory and motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the grey and white matter distribution in::

  1. The brain
  2. Spinal cord
A
  1. Grey - peripheral, white - central

2. Grey - central, white - peripheral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does grey matter contain (5 items)?

A
  1. Nerve cell bodies
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axon terminals
  4. Non-myelinated axons
  5. Neuroglia (support cells)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does white matter contain?

A

Myelinated material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What parts of the neuron are in the CNS?

A

The cell body, dendrites, Nissl bodies ogliodendrocytes (and accompanying myelinated axon), proximal axon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What parts of the neuron are in the PNS?

A

Distal axon, Schwann cells (and associated myelin), motor end plate, muscle/target tissue, nodes of Ranvier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is another name for the main cell body?

A

Soma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the four types of neurons?

A
  1. Motor
  2. Sensory
  3. Integrative
  4. Anaxonic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the types of sensory neurone? Are they in the CNS or PNS?

A
  1. Pseudounipolar neuron
  2. Bipolar neurone

PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the types of motor neurones?

A
  1. Large motor neurone

2. Pre and post synaptic autonomic neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Is the postsynaptic autonomic neuron (motor neuron) in the CNS or PNS?

A

PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the types of integrative neurons? Are they found in the PNS or CNS?

A
  1. Pyrimidal cell
  2. Interneurons (relay neurons)
  3. Purkinje cell

CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the structure of pyrimidal and purkinje cells?

A

Many dendritic arborisations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does the psuedounipolar neurone look like?

A

Cell body isn’t with dendrites - cel body is further along neurone (protrusion from axon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the structure and function of anaxonic neurons?

A

Many dendrites but no axon

Help in visual processes (found in retina)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the structure of multipolar neurons?

A

One axon, many dendrites

Most common neuron types

27
Q

What is the structure and location of bipolar neurons?

A

One axon, one dendrite

Found in olfactory cells, retina, inner ear

28
Q

What is the structure and function of unipolar neurons?

A

Single process leading away from the soma

Sensory from skin and organs to spinal cord

29
Q

What would you see lots of if looking at a neuron in the CNS through a micrograph?

A
  1. RER
  2. Golgi apparatus
  3. Free ribosomes
30
Q

What are the proteins in anterograde transport?

A

Kinesin and microtubules

31
Q

What are the proteins in retrograde transport?

A

Dynactin and microtubules

32
Q

Which direction is anterograde transport?

A

From cell body (soma) to synapse

33
Q

What direction is retrograde transport?

A

From the synapse to the cell body (soma)

34
Q

What does retrograde transport transport?

A

Vesicles

35
Q

What are microtubules part of?

A

The cell cytoskeleton

36
Q

What do immature NT vesicles contain in its membrane?

A

Enzyme

37
Q

When does NT synthesis occur in the vesicle?

A

As it travels the length of the axon

38
Q

What are the two fates of the NT vesicle?

A
  1. Recycled by endocytosis

2. Lost to neurolemma

39
Q

What happens to NT when it separates from receptors in postsynaptic membrane?

A
  1. Reuptake of NT

2. NT recycled (repackaged and remains at presynaptic terminal or broken down into precursor)

40
Q

What happens to empty vesicles at the presynaptic terminal?

A

Transported back by retrograde transport

41
Q

What are the 5 different types of synapse?

A
  1. Axodendritic or axosomatic (directly to plasma membrane of nerve/cell
  2. Axodendritic (synapses with dendritic spine)
  3. Axoaxonic (synapse at axonic bouton)
  4. Dendritic-dendritic (dendrite to dendrite synapse)
  5. Axo-axonal
42
Q

What is the name of the new model of NT release?

A

Porocytosis

43
Q

What are the separations of peripheral nerves by CT?

A
  1. Endoneurium - around single nerve cell
  2. Perineurium - around fascicles (clusters of nerve cells)
  3. Epineurium - around all fascicles (separates different nerve types)
  4. Paraneurium - separates nerves from surrounding structures
44
Q

What does myelin look like on a micrograph?

A

Darker than if no myelin

45
Q

What are Schmidt-Lanterman clefts?

A

Small amounts of Schwann cell cytoplasm

46
Q

What is the intermodal distance?

A

Distance between Nodes of Ranvier

47
Q

When is the intermodal distance bigger?

A

In larger diameter axons

48
Q

How does myelination occur?

A
  1. Axon surrounded by Schwann cell
  2. Mesaxon membrane of Schwann cell initiates myelination by surrounding axon
  3. Sheet-like extension of mesaxon membrane wraps successively around axon, forming multiple membrane layers
  4. Cytoplasm is between plasma membranes of Schwann cell
  5. Compaction occurs
49
Q

What is the main difference between Schwann cell and ogliodendrocytes in myelin formation?

A

Ogliodendrocytes wrap around more than one axon simultaneously

50
Q

What are the support cells in the CNS (4 cells)?

A
  1. Ogliodendrocytes
  2. Astrocytes
  3. Microglial cells
  4. Ependymal cells
51
Q

Describe the structure and function of astrocytes.

A

‘Star-like’ structure

Regulate nerve impulses by releasing glutamate

Contribute to blood-brain barrier (‘perineural feet’ - contain gap junctions)

Perineural feet gap junctions also help support endothelial cells

52
Q

Describe the structure and function of microglial cells.

A

Large cells with elongated nucleus and few processes from cell body.

Macrophages - immune response, remove damaged nerve cells, sense K+ conc

(May digest protein tangles associated with senile dementia and Alzheimer’s?)

53
Q

Describe the structure and function of ependymal cells.

A

Line the spinal cord

Look like columnar epithelial cells lining spinal canal and ventricles of the brain

Joined by a junctional complex

Apical surface has cilia and microvilli

Synthesis and secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in ventricles - cilia move CSF through ventricles to spinal cord, microvilli absorb CSF for removal of pathogens, modified tight junctions between epithelial cells control fluid release into brain

54
Q

What are some symptoms of MS?

A

Fatigue, vision problems, slurred speech, numbness and tingling, mobility issues, urinary retention, constipation

55
Q

What is MS?

A

A degenerative autoimmunity disease caused by the degradation of myelin (maybe against EBV?)

56
Q

What are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

57
Q

Describe the length of the pre- and post-ganglionic nerves in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

A

Sympathetic - pre is short, post is long

Parasympathetic- pre is long, post is short

58
Q

Describe the 3 sympathetic nervous system distribution routes to the skin

A
  1. Synapse at the level of entry - supplies dermatomes at T1-L2 levels. Postganglionics gets to targets through T1-L2 spinal nerves.
  2. Ascend the chain, then synapse - supplies head and neck. Postganglionics gets to targets along walls of blood vessels.
  3. Descend the chain, then synapse - supplies lower limbs. Postganglionics get to targets through the spinal nerves at levels L3 and below.
59
Q

Describe the sympathetic nervous system distribution to the abdominal viscera.

A
  1. Preganglionics can transverse the chain then synapse at pre-aortic ganglion to supply abdominal viscera. Postganglionics get to targets along blood vessels.
  2. Sensory fibres can also travel along sympathetics destined for the abdomen and relay pain from the viscera to the CNS
60
Q

What is the axon type if it is surrounded by Schwann cells but the cell hasn’t coiled itself around the axon?

A

Unmyelinated

61
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

An accumulation of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS

62
Q

What is the structure of ganglion cells of sensory nerves?

A

Round with large ovoid nuclei with prominent nucleoli.

Each cell is surrounded by satellite cells (muscle stem cells).

Psuedounipolar cells that give rise to a single myelinated process which branches into a dendrite from PNS and axon to the CNS

63
Q

What is the cerebrospinal ganglia structure?

A

Cell bodies grouped at periphery of ganglion, fibres grouped in the middle.

Easy to distinguish from autonomic nervous system ganglia structures.

64
Q

What is the structure of autonomic ganglia?

A

Ganglion cells are small and multipolar with several dendritic processes and unmyelinated axons.

Capsule and satellite cells present in layer around cell bodies.

BodyLog * (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions