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Biology > S4 - Biology Test (4) > Flashcards

S4 - Biology Test (4) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a gene?

A

The unit of inheritance & a section of DNA that codes for a specific protein

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2
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different forms of the same gene

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3
Q

What does it mean if a gene is dominant?

A

Hides the presence of a recessive gene

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4
Q

What does it mean if a gene is recessive?

A

Hidden by dominant genes

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5
Q

What is the genotype of an organism?

A

The genes an organism has

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6
Q

What is the phenotype of an organism?

A

The physical appearance of genes

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7
Q

What is the difference between homo and hetero zygous genes?

A

homo = contains 2 of the same type of allele of a gene

hetero = contains both a dominant and recessive allele of a gene

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8
Q

What is a cause of variation within a species?

A

Combining genes from 2 parents

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9
Q

Why does variation within a species occur?

A

Because fertilisation is a random process

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10
Q

What is variation?

A

The differences that exist between and within populations

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11
Q

What are the 2 types of variation?

A
  • Continuous
  • Discrete
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12
Q

What is continuous variation?

A

A polygenic inheritance of characteristics showing continuous variation where there is a range of values between a max. and a min.

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13
Q

What is discrete variation?

A

A single gene inheritance of characteristics showing discrete variation where measurements fall into distinct groups

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14
Q

What are a plants organs?

A
  • Roots
  • Stems
  • Leaves
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15
Q

What is the function of the upper epidermis?

A

Has a waxy layer that reduces water loss

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16
Q

What is the function of the palisade mesophyll layer?

A

Absorbs light for photosynthesis

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17
Q

What is the function of the spongy mesophyll layer?

A

The air spaces allow gases to reach leaf cells for photosynthesis

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18
Q

What is the function of the lower epidermis?

A

It contains pores called stomata which allow gases to diffuse in and out of the leaf

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19
Q

What is the function of the stomata?

A

It allows water vapour to be released and is the site of gas exchange

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20
Q

What is the function of guard cells?

A

Control the opening and closing of the stomata

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21
Q

Why do plants need transport systems?

A

To make sure the essential materials can reach all cells and so that waste materials can be removed safely

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22
Q

What are the essential materials plants need?

A

Sugar and water

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23
Q

Name what each arrow is pointing to

A
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24
Q

Name what each arrow is pointing to

A
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25
Q

Why do plants need water and where is it needed?

A
  • for photosynthesis & to help transport minerals (N, K, P) throughout the plant
  • the roots, stems and leaves
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26
Q

Where does water enter a plant from?

A

The root hair cell

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27
Q

What is the function of the root hair cell?

A

To absorb water from surrounding soil via osmosis

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28
Q

How does the shape of a root hair cell help absorption?

A

It has a large surface area

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29
Q

What transports water and minerals through a plant and what direction does it go?

A

Xylem cells, upwards

30
Q

What are xylem cells and why?

A

Dead. They don’t have a nucleus

31
Q

What do xylem cells have and why?

A

Rings of lignin to help withstand pressure changes as water moves through the plant

32
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The process of water moving through a plant & its evaporation through the stomata

33
Q

What factors increase the rate of transpiration?

A
  • Increase in temp.
  • Increase in wind speed
  • Decrease in humidity
  • Increase surface area
34
Q

What can transpiration be measured by and what does it do?

A

A potometer, measures the mass of water evaporated from the leaves over a set period of time

35
Q

What’s transported through blood in mammals?

A
  • nutrients (ie. glucose and amino acids)
  • O2 and CO2
36
Q

What does blood consist of?

A

Plasma, red blood cells & white blood cells

37
Q

What features does a red blood cell have?

A
  • It’s biconcave
  • Has no nucleus
  • Contains haemoglobin
38
Q

What does haemoglobin allow red blood cells to do?

A

Carry oxygen efficiently around the body in the form of oxyhaemoglobin

39
Q

What process do phagocytes carry out?

A

Phagocytosis

40
Q

What does phagocytosis involve?

A

Phagocytes engulfing pathogens that invade the body by digesting them

41
Q

What do lymphocytes produce?

A

Antibodies

42
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

Destroy pathogens

43
Q

What makes antibodies specific?

A

They are specific to a particular pathogen

44
Q

Where does the vena cava come from and lead?

A

The body to the right atrium

45
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery come from and lead?

A

The right ventricle to the lungs

46
Q

Where does the pulmonary vein come from and lead?

A

The lungs to the left atrium

47
Q

Where does the aorta come from and lead?

A

The left ventricle to the whole body

48
Q

What is the coronary artery?

A

The blood vessel which supplies the heart tissue with blood and oxygen

49
Q

What are the 3 types of blood vessels?

A

Arteries, veins, capillaries

50
Q

What do arteries, veins and capillaries have in common?

A

They’re all types of blood vessels

51
Q

What do blood vessels do?

A

Carry blood to all cells in the body

52
Q

What do arteries do?

A

Carry blood away from the heart under high pressures

53
Q

What do veins do?

A

Carry blood to the heart

54
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Form networks at tissues or organs for efficient gas exchange (O2) and materials (glucose)

55
Q

What factors make capillaries efficient at gas exchange?

A
  • thin walls
  • large surface area
  • are in close contact with body cells
56
Q
A
57
Q
A
58
Q
A
59
Q
A
60
Q
A
61
Q

What must be delivered to cells, how and why?

A

O2 and nutrients, by being absorbed into the bloodstream, for respiration

62
Q

What must happen waste materials?
What is an example?

A

Removed from cells and put into the bloodstream
CO2

63
Q

What do tissues contain and why?

A

Capillary networks
To allow the exchange of materials at cellular level

64
Q

What features do surfaces involved in absorption of materials have in common?

A

large surface area, thin walls, extensive blood supply

65
Q

What are lungs?

A

Gas exchange organs

66
Q

What do lungs consist a lot of?

A

Alveoli

67
Q

What happens in the alveoli?

A

O2 is absorbed into the blood capillaries and CO2 passes out of the blood capillaries

68
Q

What features do alveoli have?

A

large surface area, thin walls, an extensive blood supply

69
Q

Where are nutrients from food absorbed?

A

Into the villi in the small intestine

70
Q

What part of villi absorbed glucose and amino acids?

A

Networks of blood capillaries

71
Q

What part of villi absorbs fatty acids and glycerol?

A

The lacteals

72
Q

What features do villi have and why?

A

Large surface area, thin walls, extensive blood supply. To allow for efficient absorption of materials

Biology (10 decks)

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