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Biology > S4 - Biology Test (3) > Flashcards

S4 - Biology Test (3) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the process which produces more cells called?

A

mitosis

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2
Q

What does mitosis do for the body?

A

Provides new cells for growth and repair of damaged tissues and the replacement of dead or damaged cells

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3
Q

What does mitosis do as well as producing new cells?

A

It maintains the diploid chromosome complex and compliment

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4
Q

What are haploid cells?

A

Cells which have a single set of chromosomes

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5
Q

What are diploid cells?

A

Cells with 2 matching sets of chromosomes

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6
Q

What cells are diploid?

A

All of them with the exception of gametes

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7
Q

What are gametes?

A

sex cells, sperm and eggs

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8
Q

What are the stages of mitosis?

A
  • Chromosomes are long and thin, they start to shorten and thicken and they replicate
  • Chromosomes, which are now made up of 2 identical chromatids become visible
  • Chromosomes line up at the equator and spindle fibres form
  • The chromatids are pulled apart by the spindle fibres and the chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell
  • Nuclear membrane reforms and the cytoplasm starts to split
  • Cell splits in 2, 2 new identical cells are made
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9
Q

What do stem cells do in animal cells?

A

They are involved in the growth and repair of tissues

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10
Q

What does ‘unspecialised cells’ mean and what is an example?

A
  • They have the potential to become different types of cells
  • stem cells
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11
Q

Where can stem cells be extracted from?

A

embryos at a very early stage

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12
Q

What are multicellular organisms?

A

Organisms which have more than one cell type are made up of tissues and organs

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13
Q

Specialisation of cells leads to…

A

the formation of a variety of cells, tissues and organs

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14
Q

what is a system?

A

groups of organs working together

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15
Q

what are cells?

A

the basic unit of life

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16
Q

what are tissues?

A

groups of specialised cells that work together to preform the same function

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17
Q

what are organs?

A

groups of tissue which work together

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18
Q

what are systems?

A

groups of organs which work together

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19
Q

what is the function of red blood cells?

A

to transport O2 around the body efficiently in the form of oxyhemoglobin

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20
Q

what is the structure of red blood cells?

A
  • has no nucleus
  • is biconcave in shape which increases surface area
  • contains haemoglobin
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21
Q

what is the function of sperm cells?

A

to swim to the egg cell

22
Q

what is the structure of a sperm cell?

A

has a tail to swim to egg cell

23
Q

what is the function of a root hair cell?

A

absorbs water via osmosis

24
Q

what is the structure of a root hair cell?

A

has a large surface area to absorb more water

25
Q

what does the nervous system consist of?

A

the central nervous system (CNS) and other nerves

26
Q

what does the central nervous system consist of?

A

the brain and the spinal cord

27
Q

what is the function for each part of the brain?

A

cerebrum - enables conscious thought and memory
cerebellum - controls balance and coordination
medulla - controls breathing and heart rates

28
Q

name each part of the brain and where they’re located?

A
29
Q

what do receptors do?

A

detect stimuli/sensory input

30
Q

what is the function of the … neurone in a reflex arc?

  • sensory
  • inter
  • motor
A

S: passes an electrical impulse from the receptor to the inter neurone in the spinal cord

I: passes an electrical impulse from the sensory neurone to the motor neurone

M: passes an electrical impulse from the inter neurone to the effector so it can carry out a response

31
Q

what is the order of a response to stimuli?

A

stimulus - receptor - sensory neurone - CNS - motor neurone - effector - response

32
Q

what is a synapse?

A

a gap between 2 neurones where chemicals transfer messages between them

33
Q

what are different examples of stimuli?

A
  • heat
  • pain
  • object moving towards you
  • sound
  • smell
34
Q

what are different examples of receptors?

A
  • skin
  • eyes
  • nose
  • ears
  • tongue
35
Q

what are different examples of effectors?

A
  • muscles
  • glands
36
Q

what are different examples of the responses to stimuli?

A
  • swallowing
  • pull hand away
  • catching ball
37
Q

what happens at a synapse?

A

chemicals diffuse across and bind with receptors on the next neurone, triggering another impulse

38
Q

what is a reflex action?

A

a rapid, automatic response to a stimulus which does not involve the brain

39
Q

what do reflexes help do?

A

protect the body from harm

40
Q

what are examples of reflex actions?

A
  • coughing
  • sneezing
  • blinking
  • iris reflex
  • response to pain
41
Q

What is the function of the endocrine glands and what are examples?

A
  • Release hormones into the blood stream
  • Pancreas, Testicles & Ovaries
42
Q

What hormones are involved in blood glucose regulation?

A
  • Insulin
  • Glucagon
43
Q

What is the function of Insulin?

A
  • Produced when blood glucose levels are too high, acts to decrease them
44
Q

What is the function of glucagon?

A
  • Produced when blood glucose levels are too low, acts to increase them
45
Q

What storage carbohydrate stores excess glucose and where is it stored?

A
  • Glycogen
  • In the liver
46
Q

What is the cause of diabetes type 1 and 2?

A

1: problem with insulin producing cells. Early rapid onset

2: overweight, elderly, excessive use of insulin producing cells

47
Q

What is the problem in diabetes type 1 and 2?

A

1: no insulin produced

2: resistance to insulin

48
Q

What are the treatments to diabetes type 1 and 2?

A

1: requires injections

2: healthy, balanced life style

49
Q

What is fertilisation in mammals?

A

The fusion of the nuclei of the 2 haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote which divides to form an embryo

50
Q

Name each part of the diagram

A
51
Q

What is the sex organ for male and female plants and their gamete?

A

M: Anther, pollen
F: Ovary, ovule

52
Q

Why do hormones only affect their target tissue?

A

Because they have cells with complementary receptor proteins for specific hormones

Biology (9 decks)

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