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Biology > S4 - Biology Test (2) > Flashcards

S4 - Biology Test (2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are cells?

A

The basic unit of living things

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2
Q

What are cells made up of?

A

Organelles

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3
Q

What does an animal cell consist of? (5)

A
  • Nucleus
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
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4
Q

What does a plant cell consist of?
(8)

A
  • Nucleus
  • Cell membrane
  • Cell wall
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
  • Mitochondria
  • Chloroplast
  • Vacuole
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5
Q

What does a yeast cell consist of?
(7)

A
  • Nucleus
  • Cell wall
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Vacuole
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosome
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6
Q

What does a bacterial cell consist of?
(6)

A
  • Circular chromosome
  • Cell wall
  • Cell membrane
  • Ribosomes
  • Plasmids
  • Cytoplasm
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7
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls the cells activities

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8
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell

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9
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Site of chemical reactions

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10
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic respiration

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11
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

The breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to make energy (ATP)

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12
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Site of protein synthesis

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13
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Supports and strengthens the cell, made of a structural carbohydrate; cellulose

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14
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Contains cell sap

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15
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

Site of photosynthesis

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16
Q

What is the function of plasmids?

A

Contains genes that help the cell to function

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17
Q

What is the cell membrane made up of?

A

Proteins and Phospholipids

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18
Q

What is the cell membrane said to be and what does it mean?

A
  • Selectively permeable
  • Will only allow certain substances in ie. small, soluble
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19
Q

What is the definition of diffusion?

A

The movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration, down a concentration gradient

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20
Q

What does passive transport mean and what is an example of it?

A
  • It doesn’t require any energy to do
  • Diffusion
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21
Q

Why is diffusion important in animal cells?

A

It is the process in which useful molecules enter the body and waste products are removed

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22
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water from a high concentration to a lower water concentration, down a water concentration gradient through a selectively permeable membrane

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23
Q

What is an independent variable in an experiment?

A

The one variable we change

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24
Q

What is a dependant variable in an experiment?

A

The one variable we measure

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25
What are controlled variables in an experiment?
The variables that stay the same each time
26
What is the definition of "plasmolysed"?
When water moves out of the cell, the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall and the vacuole shrinks
27
What is the definition of "turgid"?
When water moves into the cell, the vacuole swells and the cell membrane pushes against the cell wall
28
What happens when water moves into - A plant cell - An animal cell
- Becomes turgid - The cell bursts
29
What happens when water moves out of - A plant cell - An animal cell
- Becomes plasmolysed - The cell shrinks
30
What is active transport?
The movement of molecules and ions against a concentration gradient
31
Where does the energy for active transport come from?
Cellular energy is produced by aerobic respiration
32
What is the structure of DNA described as being?
A double stranded helix held together by complementary base pairs
33
What are the different bases and their pairs?
Adenine + Thymine (A+T) Cytosine + Guanine (C+G)
34
What does DNA contain?
The information to make proteins
35
The order of DNA bases determines...
the sequence of amino acids in a protein and therefore the type of protein produced too
36
What is a gene?
A section of DNA that codes for a specific protein
37
What are proteins made up of?
A long chain of amino acids
38
What is messenger RNA (mRNA)
A molecule which carries a complementary copy of the genetic code from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome (site of protein synthesis)
39
What are the different functions of proteins?
- Structural - Hormone - Antibody - Receptor - Enzyme
40
What are enzymes?
A biological catalyst
41
What is catalase an example of?
A degradation (breakdown) enzyme
42
What does catalase do?
Breaks down Hydrogen peroxide to make water and oxygen
43
What are degradation enzymes?
Enzymes which break down large molecules into smaller molecules
44
What is an example of degradation?
Starch ~> Amylase ~> Maltose (Substrate ~> Enzyme ~> Product)
45
What makes enzymes specific?
The shape of their active site which is complementary to their specific substrate
46
What is phosphorylase an example of?
A synthesis enzyme
47
What is "synthesis"?
When many small, simple molecules are joined together to make a large, complex molecule
48
When are enzymes most active?
In their optimum conditions
49
What can enzymes and proteins be affected by?
The temperature and pH
50
What happens when an enzyme is denatured?
The shape of the active site to change permanently
51
What will happen to the rate of reaction after an enzyme has been denatured?
It will slow down and eventually stop as the substrate can no longer fit into the active site
52
What is the substrate & product(s) for: - Phosphorylase - Catalase - Amylase - Pepsin
- Glucose-1-phosphate & starch - Hydrogen peroxide & O2 + H2O - Starch & Maltose - Pepsin & peptides
53
What is the type of reaction for: - Phosphorylase - Catalase - Amylase - Pepsin
- Synthesis - Degradation - Degradation - Degradation
54
Where are the following enzymes found and what is their optimum pH: - Phosphorylase - Catalase - Amylase - Pepsin
- Potato cell, pH7 - All living cells, pH7 - Saliva, pH7 - Stomach, pH2.8
55
What are plasmids?
Circular rings of DNA
56
What does genetic engineering allow?
Genetic info being transferred from one cell to another
57
What do enzymes do in the process of genetic engineering?
Cut the required gene from the chromosome , to cut open bacterial plasmids and to seal the newly inserted gene into the plasmid
58
What is respiration?
The chemical energy stored in glucose being released by all cells through a series of enzyme controlled reactions
59
What processes do our cells need energy to perform?
- Cell division (mitosis) - Transmission of nerve pulses - Muscle cell contractions - Protein synthesis
60
What is the first stage of respiration called, what happens in it and where does it take place?
- Glycolysis - Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of ATP - In the cytoplasm
61
What happens in the second stage of respiration and where does it take place?
- If oxygen is present, glucose reacts with it and produces water and CO2 - In the mitochondria
62
What is the equation for respiration?
Oxygen + Glucose ~> CO2 + Water
63
What is a respirometer?
Something which measure the rate of respiration
64
Why do some cells have a lot of mitochondria?
Because they require more energy (ATP) which is produced through the mitochondria from respiration

Biology (11 decks)

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