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Biology > S4 - Biology Test (2) > Flashcards

S4 - Biology Test (2) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are cells?

A

The basic unit of living things

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2
Q

What are cells made up of?

A

Organelles

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3
Q

What does an animal cell consist of? (5)

A
  • Nucleus
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
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4
Q

What does a plant cell consist of?
(8)

A
  • Nucleus
  • Cell membrane
  • Cell wall
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
  • Mitochondria
  • Chloroplast
  • Vacuole
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5
Q

What does a yeast cell consist of?
(7)

A
  • Nucleus
  • Cell wall
  • Cell membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Vacuole
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosome
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6
Q

What does a bacterial cell consist of?
(6)

A
  • Circular chromosome
  • Cell wall
  • Cell membrane
  • Ribosomes
  • Plasmids
  • Cytoplasm
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7
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Controls the cells activities

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8
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls the movement of substances into and out of the cell

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9
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Site of chemical reactions

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10
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic respiration

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11
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

The breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to make energy (ATP)

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12
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Site of protein synthesis

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13
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Supports and strengthens the cell, made of a structural carbohydrate; cellulose

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14
Q

What is the function of the vacuole?

A

Contains cell sap

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15
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

Site of photosynthesis

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16
Q

What is the function of plasmids?

A

Contains genes that help the cell to function

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17
Q

What is the cell membrane made up of?

A

Proteins and Phospholipids

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18
Q

What is the cell membrane said to be and what does it mean?

A
  • Selectively permeable
  • Will only allow certain substances in ie. small, soluble
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19
Q

What is the definition of diffusion?

A

The movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration, down a concentration gradient

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20
Q

What does passive transport mean and what is an example of it?

A
  • It doesn’t require any energy to do
  • Diffusion
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21
Q

Why is diffusion important in animal cells?

A

It is the process in which useful molecules enter the body and waste products are removed

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22
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water from a high concentration to a lower water concentration, down a water concentration gradient through a selectively permeable membrane

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23
Q

What is an independent variable in an experiment?

A

The one variable we change

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24
Q

What is a dependant variable in an experiment?

A

The one variable we measure

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25
Q

What are controlled variables in an experiment?

A

The variables that stay the same each time

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26
Q

What is the definition of “plasmolysed”?

A

When water moves out of the cell, the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall and the vacuole shrinks

27
Q

What is the definition of “turgid”?

A

When water moves into the cell, the vacuole swells and the cell membrane pushes against the cell wall

28
Q

What happens when water moves into - A plant cell - An animal cell

A
  • Becomes turgid
  • The cell bursts
29
Q

What happens when water moves out of - A plant cell - An animal cell

A
  • Becomes plasmolysed
  • The cell shrinks
30
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of molecules and ions against a concentration gradient

31
Q

Where does the energy for active transport come from?

A

Cellular energy is produced by aerobic respiration

32
Q

What is the structure of DNA described as being?

A

A double stranded helix held together by complementary base pairs

33
Q

What are the different bases and their pairs?

A

Adenine + Thymine (A+T)
Cytosine + Guanine (C+G)

34
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

The information to make proteins

35
Q

The order of DNA bases determines…

A

the sequence of amino acids in a protein and therefore the type of protein produced too

36
Q

What is a gene?

A

A section of DNA that codes for a specific protein

37
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A

A long chain of amino acids

38
Q

What is messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

A molecule which carries a complementary copy of the genetic code from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome (site of protein synthesis)

39
Q

What are the different functions of proteins?

A
  • Structural
  • Hormone
  • Antibody
  • Receptor
  • Enzyme
40
Q

What are enzymes?

A

A biological catalyst

41
Q

What is catalase an example of?

A

A degradation (breakdown) enzyme

42
Q

What does catalase do?

A

Breaks down Hydrogen peroxide to make water and oxygen

43
Q

What are degradation enzymes?

A

Enzymes which break down large molecules into smaller molecules

44
Q

What is an example of degradation?

A

Starch ~> Amylase ~> Maltose

(Substrate ~> Enzyme ~> Product)

45
Q

What makes enzymes specific?

A

The shape of their active site which is complementary to their specific substrate

46
Q

What is phosphorylase an example of?

A

A synthesis enzyme

47
Q

What is “synthesis”?

A

When many small, simple molecules are joined together to make a large, complex molecule

48
Q

When are enzymes most active?

A

In their optimum conditions

49
Q

What can enzymes and proteins be affected by?

A

The temperature and pH

50
Q

What happens when an enzyme is denatured?

A

The shape of the active site to change permanently

51
Q

What will happen to the rate of reaction after an enzyme has been denatured?

A

It will slow down and eventually stop as the substrate can no longer fit into the active site

52
Q

What is the substrate & product(s) for:
- Phosphorylase
- Catalase
- Amylase
- Pepsin

A
  • Glucose-1-phosphate & starch
  • Hydrogen peroxide & O2 + H2O
  • Starch & Maltose
  • Pepsin & peptides
53
Q

What is the type of reaction for:
- Phosphorylase
- Catalase
- Amylase
- Pepsin

A
  • Synthesis
  • Degradation
  • Degradation
  • Degradation
54
Q

Where are the following enzymes found and what is their optimum pH:
- Phosphorylase
- Catalase
- Amylase
- Pepsin

A
  • Potato cell, pH7
  • All living cells, pH7
  • Saliva, pH7
  • Stomach, pH2.8
55
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Circular rings of DNA

56
Q

What does genetic engineering allow?

A

Genetic info being transferred from one cell to another

57
Q

What do enzymes do in the process of genetic engineering?

A

Cut the required gene from the chromosome , to cut open bacterial plasmids and to seal the newly inserted gene into the plasmid

58
Q

What is respiration?

A

The chemical energy stored in glucose being released by all cells through a series of enzyme controlled reactions

59
Q

What processes do our cells need energy to perform?

A
  • Cell division (mitosis)
  • Transmission of nerve pulses
  • Muscle cell contractions
  • Protein synthesis
60
Q

What is the first stage of respiration called, what happens in it and where does it take place?

A
  • Glycolysis
  • Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of ATP
  • In the cytoplasm
61
Q

What happens in the second stage of respiration and where does it take place?

A
  • If oxygen is present, glucose reacts with it and produces water and CO2
  • In the mitochondria
62
Q

What is the equation for respiration?

A

Oxygen + Glucose ~> CO2 + Water

63
Q

What is a respirometer?

A

Something which measure the rate of respiration

64
Q

Why do some cells have a lot of mitochondria?

A

Because they require more energy (ATP) which is produced through the mitochondria from respiration

Biology (9 decks)

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