Russia 1894-1945: end of tsardom Flashcards
Name the tsarist methods of control- state infrastructure
autocratic government nobilty the law okhrana orthodox church
who was the Empire of Russia ruled by
empire of russian ruled by series of Tsars who ran country as autocrats only tsar governed Russia
who were the nobility
Upper-class men who owns all the land and was dependent on the Tsar
what was the law in russia at the time
Tsarist legal system is designed to support autocracy and tsarist authority —> no government
no ways in which tsarist power could be challenged
who were the okhrana?
Large police system—> would report suspicious behaviour and destroy subversive groups
What was the Orthodox church
Tsar - head of Orthodox church
church reinforce his authority any challenge to the little father was an insult to God this was a form of propaganda
What was the only way to challenge the Tsar
Through acts of rebellion
Name 4 groups that opposed the Tsar
Karl Marx theory
Social revolutionaries
Mensheviks
Bolsheviks
What was the short-term causes of the 1905 revolution?
Defeat in the war with Japan
-was humiliating for Russia and it brought attention to the Tsars regime
What were the 3 long-term causes of the 1905 revolution
Many middle-class people wanted greater democracy in Russia
Problems with famine
poor working conditions
What was the spark of the 1905 revolution and why did it occur
Bloody Sunday - Cossacks panicked and shot at the factory workers protesting
What year did the Tsar issue his October manifesto & why
1905
to survive as a leader after the increasing numbers in strikes
What did the tsars October manifesto promise
-Political reform
Duma (elected national
parliament) to be set up- no laws passed until approved by duma
censorship= loosened & freedom of speech encouraged
more nights to gather for discussions and meetings
What were the reactions to the Tsars October manifesto
- who was satisfied
- who wasnt satisfied
Liberals were satisfied
Kadets (rich peasants) wanted reform to go further
social revolutionaries, Bolsheviks and Mensheviks were critical of the manifesto as it didn’t give any more power to peasants/workers
What occurred in January 1905
- how many protesters
- Marching where
- Led by who
- What happened as a result
BLOODY SUNDAY- 200,000 peaceful protesters marched through St Petersburg towards winter palace led by father gapon to hand petition asking for change
troops panicked an open fire
ppl- angry which led to more strikes
How long did the first and 2nd Duma last and why did they not last long
First and second duma - v critical of the Tsar
lasted less than a year
How long did the third Duma last & why did he last longer than the first and second Duma
lasted until 1912
much Less critical of Tsar
but in 1912 he was becoming critical of the Tsars ministers and policies
In what year did tsar appoint new prime minister
what was his name
1906
Peter Stolypin
What was the name of Stolypins approach to the problems of Russia
Used ‘carrot and stick’ approach
What was the stick idea and what other name did it also develop
what was the carrot idea
The stick- 20,000 exiled 1000 hanged
the carrot- Tried to win over peasants with land
How was the stick effective
How was the carrot effective
the stick- effectively killed off opposition to regime in countryside
the carrot- Production rose
When was Stolypin assassinated
1911
When did Russia enter World War I
August 1914
Name five impacts of military defeat in the tsarist government
Russian soldiers didn’t stand a chance against the well-trained German army
Suffered major defeat at Tannenberg and Masurian lakes
Soldiers badly lead and treated by Aristocrat officers
Short of weapons and clothing
Tsar = weak leader- ppl held him responsible for deaths of loved ones
Name the five social and economic effects of the war on the countryside and the cities
Villages lost up to 13% of population
Discontent in cities
3.5 million new jobs but no extra wages/better living and working conditions
Shortage of food and fuel in cities
