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Conflict & Tension in Asia: escalation if conflict in vietnam Flashcards

1
Q

Before the Second World War he was fighting and ruled by

A

France

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2
Q

During the war who conquered Vietnam

how did this country treat the Vietnamese ppl

which resistant movement emerged as a result

A

Japan

Vietnamese people treated savagely by the Japanese

as a result a strong anti-Japanese resistance movement (Vietminh) emerged under the leadership of Communist Ho Chi Minh

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3
Q

After the Second World War what occurred for Vietnam And why was this good for the VietMinh

A

VietMinh entered the city of Hanoi in 1945 and declared Vietnamese independence

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4
Q

What occurred soon after Ho Chi Minh declared that Vietnam was independent in September 1945

A

Fighting between French forces and the Vietminh began

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5
Q

What was this period of conflict between the French forces and the VietMinh known as

when did it take place

A

The first Indochina war

1946-54

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6
Q

what tactics did the Vietminh use in the first Indochina war

A

guerilla tactics

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7
Q

what was a major turning point in the first Indochina war & When did it take place

A

spring 1954

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

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8
Q

What occurred at Dien Bien Phu

A

A small French Air Force Base at Dien Bien Phu Occupied by 10,000 French soldiers

was surrounded by 50,000 Vietminh troops

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9
Q

What did the Vietminh destroy in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu

A

The Vietminh destroyed the runway by bombing attack the trapped French troops and bombarded them with rockets and shells

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10
Q

What happened as a result of the Vietminh’s involvement in the battle of Dien Bien Phu

A

the French soon run out of water and medical supplies

Americans & British wouldn’t help so on my May 7, 1954 the French surrendered

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11
Q

What happened after the battle of Dien Bien Phu on May 1950

A

Britain and France China USSR USA and Vietnam met in Geneva Switzerland

to decide the future of Vietnam

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12
Q

What Was decided in the Geneva agreement in 1954

-name 7 points

A

That Vietnam would be divided at the 17th parallel appoint roughly halfway down the country

North Vietnam would be ruled by Ho Chi Minh (Communist)

south Vietnam would be ruled by Ngo Dinh (non-Communist)

French troops would withdraw completely from Vietnam

Vietminh would withdraw from South Vietnam

Vietnamese people could freely choose to live in North Vietnam yourself it now

Layoffs and Cambodia would become independent nations

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13
Q

What occurred after the Geneva agreement of 1954

who did Diem receive help from

A

A non-Communist government was set up in South Vietnam under President Diem

Diem received The support of the US government simply because he was anti-Communist

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14
Q

Did Diem set up a non-Communist government after the Geneva agreement

A

Diem was reluctant to accept the division of Vietnam as he wanted a united Vietnam

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15
Q

What was formed in 1960 with the support of Ho Chi Minh

A

National Liberation front (NLF)

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16
Q

How did DM react to the formation of the NLF and what happened as a result of this

A

Diem reacted with scorn calling its members the Vietnam communists (Vietcong)

NLF demanded the removal of the Diem and started a campaign of guerilla warfare

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17
Q

What occurred by 1961

A

By 1961 there were over 20,000 Vietcong guerillas in South Vietnam

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18
Q

What was the NLF

A

NLF was a guerilla movement trained in the art of conducting ambushes, surprise attacks laying traps and using the cover of the jungle

it had much support in North Vietnam and a considerable amount in the south

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19
Q

What name were the NLF also referred to as

A

The Vietcong

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20
Q

Is the Ho Chi Minh Trail when was it created and why was it created

A

created in 1959 to carry supplies from the north to the south

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21
Q

How did the Vietcong set out to win more support

A

By working with the local population, treating them well and winning their respect

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22
Q

what theory did the US come up with as a way to prevent the spread of communism throughout Asia

A

The Domino theory

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23
Q

Why did the US come up with the domino theory

A

President Eisenhower was convinced that China and the USSR were planning to spread communism throughout Asia

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24
Q

What was the idea behind the Domino theory

A

That if Vietnam fell to communism then Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Burma and even India might also fall

just like a row of dominoes

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25
How did the US help South vietnam and prevent the spread of communism under Eisenhower
Eisenhower provided aid to South Vietnam $1.6 billion between 1954 and 1960 Military advisors were sent US became involved in Vietnam without clear aims or a clear plan
26
When was Kennedy elected president and what did he want for South Vietnam
wanted a solution in South Vietnam that would avoid a large-scale military commitment by US forces so he was happy to support the ARVN in their fight against the Vietcong
27
What was the Strategic Hamlet Programme
It was an attempt to ‘win the hearts and minds’ of the south Vietnamese people -it was to stop the Vietcong influencing the peasants in their villages & cut off the support the peasants gave the Vietcong such as food and intelligence about the South Vietnamese army ARVN
28
Who was the Strategic Hamlet programme introduced by
Diem
29
When was the strategic Hamlet programme introduced
1962
30
Under which American president did the US involvement in the war and opposition in the US reach its peak & why
President Johnson As the brutalities of the war became evident on TV screens and in news reports
31
When was the USA ready to commit to a full scale conflict in Vietnam to prevent the spread of communism
After the assassination of President Kennedy in November 1963 the newly elected Johnson was more prepared than Kennedy to commit the USA to a full-scale conflict in Vietnam
32
What occurred in August 1964
North Vietnamese patrol boats opened fire on US ships in the Gulf of Tonkin
33
Who passed the Tonkin Gulf resolution and why
The US Congress passed the Tonkin Gulf resolution As it gave Johnson the power to take the USA into a full scale war if he felt it was necessary
34
What was the name of the massive Bombing campaign approved by Johnson
Operation Rolling Thunder approved in February against North Vietnam
35
What occurred on March 8, 1965
3,500 US Marines came ashore at Da Nang
36
Why did the Vietcong used guerrilla tactics
As Vietcong- heavily outnumbered and outgunned by South Vietnamese forces and US allies so Ho Chi Minh believed that superior forces could be defeated by guerrilla tactics
37
Why were guerrilla tactics effective
The principles were simple
38
Why was guerrilla warfare a nightmare for the US Army -name 5
Guerrillas didn’t wear uniform they had no known base camp or headquarters they worked in small groups with limited weapons they were hard to tell apart from the peasants in the villages they attacked and then disappeared into the jungle into the villages or into their tunnels
39
What was the aim of guerrilla attacks
To wear down the enemy soldiers and wreck their morale
40
What occurred in the guerrilla attacks
Booby-traps such as tripwires or Pittsfield with sharp and bamboo staves bouncing Bettys
41
How did Ho Chi Minh and the Vietcong win the support of villagers
Vietcong fighters often helped the peasants in the fields during busy periods Vietcong used terror Tactics to make sure that villagers did what they wanted
42
How was operation Rolling Thunder effective
It damaged North Vietnam’s war effort and it disrupted some supply routes it enabled the USA to strike at Communist forces even when it was reducing US ground forces in Vietnam after 1969
43
How was operation Rolling Thunder ineffective
US air power could not defeat the Communist’s it could only slow them down the financial cost of the air war was horrendous The communists shot down 14,000 US and South Vietnamese aircraft
44
Which policy was developed by General Westmoreland
Search and destroy
45
What was the policy of search and destroy
Americans would search villages for Vietcong soldiers and if they found any they would destroy the village as a warning to the South Vietnamese who supported the Vietcong
46
How was the policy of search and destroy ineffective -name 6
The raids were often based on inadequate information inexperienced US troops often walked into traps Innocent villagers were mistaken for Vietcong strongholds Civilian casualties are extremely high in these raids Search and destroy tactics made the US and South Vietnamese forces very unpopular with the peasants It pushed peasants towards supporting the Vietcong
47
What were the US troops like in the early stages of the war
Majority of US troops were professional soldiers who had volunteered for the forces as a career generally their morale was good they stood up well to the condition
48
What were the US troops like later in the war
After 1967 and increasing number of troops in Vietnam had been drafted many were very young men who had never been in the military before they often cared little for democracy or communism and just wanted to get home alive
49
What was the My Lai massacre
massacre occurred when American soldiers were on a search and destroy mission and killed nearly 400 civilians in the village of My Lai
50
What was the name of the US soldiers that took part in the My Lai massacre
Charlie company
51
Why did Charlie company attack My Lai
It was reported that a Vietcong base containing around 200 Vietcong guerrilla was operating in the My Lai area local villagers in the area were supplying food weapons and support to the Vietcong fighters
52
What was the aim of the search and destroy mission in My Lai
To destroy all crops livestock wells and food stores around My Lai
53
What happened to villages in My Lai area
Any villagers that tried to run away with shot or stabbed no armed retaliation from the villagers Villagers were tortured and raped
54
What’s the news about the My Lai massacre widespread
No news of the massacre was kept quiet
55
Was that my life massacre seen as a success to the Americans
Yes US troops killed 90 Vietcong fighters America only had one casualty
56
When did the My Lai massacre take place
1968
57
When was operation Rolling Thunder launched by the US
7th of February 1965
58
What happened 18 months after the My Lai massacre
The American press got hold of the story as a result lieutenant William Calley was sentenced to life imprisonment for personally killing 22 villages
59
What happened when the US public found out about the My Lai massacre
US public refused to believe the story at first seemed original aim of war to contain communism had been lost Mistrust of the army and government increased after My Lai- ppl didnt believe what they were being told opposition to war increased
60
What occurred in November 1969 shortly after the US public had found out about the My Lai massacre
Almost 700,000 anti-war protesters demonstrated in Washington DC was the largest political protest in American history
61
What attack occurred in early 1968 against the US
The Tet Offensive
62
What was the Tet Offensive
During Tet New Year holiday Vietcong fighters attacked over 100 cities and US military bases Vietcong also attacked the US embassy building and General Westmorland headquarters in Saigon capital of South Vietnam
63
How was the Tet offensive ineffective for the communists
people of South Vietnam didn’t rise up against their government and the Americans in their country and drive them out Vietcong lost around 10,000 experienced fighters and were badly weakened by it hoped that a large US defeat would result in fewer Americans in the USA supporting the war
64
How was the Tet Offensive seen as a turning point in the war
US public became increasingly disillusioned with the war- realised politicians and generals were wrong when they said victory was close Vietcong had been able to attack the US embassy in Saigon US used enormous amount of artillery and AirPower during the Tet offensive war costing 30 billion a year and over 300 US troops being killed every week Huge numbers of Vietnamese civilians were killed during the offensive ancient monuments and cities were destroyed During the Tet Offensive

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