Russia 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Discontent of Peasants (pre 1905)
A
- 1861 serfs freed but with debt
- Aristocracy made up 1% but had 25% of land
- 1890’s famines (word famine banned from press)
2
Q
Discontent of National Minorities
A
- Russification - policy of making non russians act like them
- 56% of population was not ethnically Russian
- Baltic Germans, Armenians, Ukrainians
2
Q
Failures of Nicholas II
A
- Not interested in ruling
- Not intelligent
- “Nicholas was not fit to run a post office” a cabinet minister
3
Q
Police state (Pre 1905)
A
- Censorship - no public opposition to Tsar
- Exile common punishment
- Okhrana punished revolutionaries
4
Q
Social Democrats
A
- Founded 1898
- Split in two in 1903
- Bolsheviks (Wanted a small, secret party that could take over at the correct time)
- Mensheviks (Believed in an open party that woukd grow until it could revolt)
5
Q
1905 Revolution
Short Term Triggers
A
Russo Japanese War
* 1904
* Battle of Tsushima May 1904 (Russian fleet crushed, 5,000 dead)
* Unexpected loss
Bloody Sunday
* 22nd January 1905
* 100 protestors killed
* Led by father Gapon
* Led to strikes nationally
6
Q
Potemkin Mutiny
A
- 14th June 1905
- 800 sailors killed officers
- Ship landed in Odessa, where troops killed 2,000 striking workers
- Failed to spread to the rest of the Black Fleet
7
Q
1905 general rebellions
A
- Peasant rebellions (destroyed 3,000 manors)
- Strikes in cities (January 1905, 400,000 workers on strike)
- Summer 1905 harvest failed again
8
Q
October Manifesto
A
- 17th October
- Created the Duma
- Freedom of speech, assembly and worship
- Allowed political parties
- Legalised trade unions
- However did not improve living conditions
9
Q
Stolypins repression
A
- Elected PM in 1906
- 60,000 opponents to regime hung (“Stolypins necktie”)
- Forced to carry internal passports
- Increased Okhrana threat
10
Q
Fundamental Laws
A
- 1906
- Gave Nicholas huge control over Dumas
- Could dissolve Dumas
- Tsar could pass any laws while Duma not in session
- Tsar could veto any Duma legislation
11
Q
Stolypins Land Reform
Goals
A
- Attempt to modernise farming and create “Kulak” peasants who owned land
- Land Bank to help own land
- End old fashioned methods of strip farming in Russia
- “Wager on the strong”
12
Q
Stolypins Land Reforms
Success
A
- 3.5 million peasants moved to Siberia
- But only 10% left communes by 1914
- Kulaks were hated
- Those who left Mir = “stolypins seperators”
13
Q
Lena Goldfields strike
A
- 1912
- Striking Workers in Siberia over being told to eat rotten horse meat, 14 hour day, poor conditions
- Clashed with troops led to 200 deaths
14
Q
KF of Dumas
Success
A
- Stolypin worked with third Duma to pass Land Reforms
- 1908 Law on universal education
- Attempts to modernise Orthodox church
15
Q
KF of Dumas
Failures
A
- Third Duma electoral system changed so only 1/6 of peasants could vote
- Dissolved very quickly (e.g 1st Duma in 10 weeks)
- No real reform
