Studied material Flashcards
Ideas in 1850
- Miasma
- Spontaneous Generation
- 4 humours (blood,yellow bile, black bile, phlegm)
Germ Theory
- 1861 Louis Pasteur
- Employed to find a way to prevent milk spoiling
- Discovered micro-organisms and that they could be killed by heating
- Had little short term effect by 1878
- Disproved spontaneous generation
Effects of Pasteur
- Limited short term impact
- Surgery - 20 years later led to Joseph Listers development of antiseptic technique
- Public Health - 30 years later vaccines could be made and treatment created due to Germ theory in 40 years
Robert Koch
- Born Germany 1843
- Doctor who read Pasteurs work
- Rivalry between Pasteur and Koch during Franco-Prussian war (1870-1871)
Pasteur and vaccinations
- 1879 Chicken Cholera vaccine - confirmed Jennas theory
- 1881 Anthrax vaccine
- 1882 Rabies Vaccine - treated a 9 year old boy
Koch and Anthrax
- 1872 discovered a method of staining microbes
- 1876 able to identify specific microbe for Anthrax and published findings
Koch and Bacteriology
Koch is “Father of bacteriology” as he found methods of staining Microbes
* 1878 Septiceamia
* 1880 growing cultures - Agar jelly
* 1882 TB
Sylvarson 606
- 1909, discovered by Paul Ehrlich team
- Treated Syphillis
Marie Curie
- 1910 - led team on use of radiation for use against cancer
- 1911 Nobel Prize, means of measuring radioactivity
- Outfitted and drove mobile X-ray machines
Prontosil
- Discovered by Gerhard Domagk
- Tested on humans 1935 (on Domagks daughter near death)
- Gained renown when used to treat FDRs son
Penicillin Discovery
- 1928 Alexander Flemming
- Accidental discovery
- First Antibiotic (biological killer of bacteria)
- Flemming did very little with this
Florey and Chain
- Formed research team 1939
- 1941 tested on humans sucessfully, on a policeman near death
- Florey and Chain recieved huge amounts of American Goverment Funding
Mass Production of Penicillin
- 1942, US government invest largely in Penicillin
- 1944, Penicillin used on mass on D-Day
- 1945, US army uses 2 million doses a month
Abdication of Kaiser
- 9th November 1918
- Prince Max of Baden announced the abdication
- 11th November armisitice signed
Reasons for abdication
Revolution from above - Ludendorff conviced the Kaiser to hand pver power to a government
Revolution from below - Various Mutinies and unions made it seem a revolution was likely unless Kaiser abdicated
Stab in the back
- Idea that Germany was winning the war and was betrayed by weak Weimar politicians
- Dolchstoss
Weimar Government features
- 19th Januay 1919 election 82% voted
- Freedom of speech, religion and equality
- Head of Government was president, elected every 7 years
- Split into 18 states each with individual power
Weimar Strengths
- Democracy
- Proportional representation
- Strong president
- Chancellors appointment democratic
- Federal system
Weimar Weaknesses
- Democracy was different and unpopular
- Very hard to get a majority
- Article 48 was open to abuse, overided Germans rights
- Federal states could rebel against central government
ToV Blame
Clause 231 said the war was exclusively Germanies Fault
ToV Reperations
Germany had to pay £6.6 billion to Allies
ToV Army
- Limited to 100,000 soldiers
- No conscription
- No tanks, air force or submarines
- Six battleships only
- Demilitarised the Rhineland
ToV Territory
Germany lost land in East Europe (polish corridor, estonia)
Lost all of its colonies
ToV Overrall
Germany lost:
* 13% of its land
* 12.5% of its population
* 50% of iron and steel industry
Sparticist uprising
- 5th January 1919
- Communist groups
- Government were too weak to handle it
- Created the Freikorps to handle the Spartcists
Kapp Putsch
- March 1920
- Freikorp led by Kapp marched on Berlin to overthrow government
- Army refused to help government
- Left wing organised a strike that crippled the Putsch
- Weimar once again too weak
French Occupation of Ruhr
- Germany paid £50 Million in 1922 but could not pay more
- French occupied Ruhr to take the wealth themselves
- German workers strike
- Government prints money to pay striking workers
Hyperinflation
- 1919-1923 German income was 1/4 of what it needed to be
- Middle classes, savers, poor, pensioners hit hard
- Farmers, debters, bussinessmen did well
