RUMINANT MEDICINE for Finals Flashcards
an infectious disease that affects sheep, calves, goats, and pigs.
CHLAMYDIAL POLYARTHRITIS
In sheep and goats, stiffness, lameness, hyporexia or anorexia, and ___________________ may occur.
concurrent conjunctivitis
Causative agent of Chlamydial polyarthritis
Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pecorum (reclassified from Chlamydophila [Chlamydia] psittaci)
Most frequently, one of the causal lesions is present and the transition from the initial lesion to the joint infection is readily apparent. However, when a swollen foot is treated before the cause
has been established, a joint infection may have been ongoing for weeks before the true nature of the condition is diagnosed.
SEPTIC ARTHRITIS OF THE DISTAL INTRAPHALANGEAL JOINT
Infection enters the distal interphalangeal joint via three possible main sites:
1) the dorsal commissure of the interdigital space, via penetrating trauma or complicated footrot (interdigital phlegmon
2) sandcracks;
3) white line disease or retroarticular abscess.
Clinical signs
Increased pain, together with swelling of the anterior region of the coronary band in cases of sandcrack and white line disease, is suggestive of joint infection.
Treatment
Digital amputation is indicated in animals that have a limited life expectancy, eg, old or poor-producing animals. The procedure is
simple, quick, can be perfom1ed in standing animals under regional analgesia, and in most cases, produces rapid relief.
characterized by three soft, fluctuating
swellings between the ligaments of the femorotarsal joint. In some instances, this condition is heritable. It does not cause pain
or lameness. In later life, there may be a predisposition to arthritis.
• diagnosed by depressing the swelling of the
joint capsule at one location and palpating the fluctuation that is seen at another. There is no successful treatment.
SEROUS TARSITIS (BOG SPAVIN)
a worldwide disease of farm animals that results from ingestion of sclerotia of the parasitic fungus Claviceps purpurea, which replaces the grain or seed of rye and other small grains or forage plants, such as the bromes, bluegrasses, fescues, and ryegrasses.
ERGOTISM
___________ the first sign, may appear 2–6 weeks or more after initial ingestion, depending on the concentration of alkaloids in the ergot and the quantity of ergot in the feed. Body temperature and pulse and respiration
rates are increased.
Lameness
Treatment
• Cessation of exposure
• Temperate environment (shade and cooling in hot weather or warmth in cold weather); good bedding for animals with lameness and distal limb lesions
• Supportive treatment, including the use of antimicrobials if the distal limb lesions are infected; adequate and easily accessible food and water
_________________, which resembles ergot toxicosis, is believed to be caused by ergot alkaloids, especially ergovaline, produced by the endophyte fungus Neotyphodium coenophialum in tall
fescue grass (Lolium arundinaceum, formerly Festuca arundinacea).
FESCUE FOOT (FESCUE LAMENESS)
Clinical signs
It begins with lameness in one or both hindfeet and may progress to necrosis of the distal part of the affected limbs. The tail and ears also may be affected independently of the lameness. In addition to gangrene of these extremities, animals may show loss of body mass, an arched back, and a rough coat. Outbreaks have been confirmed in cattle, and similar lesions have been reported in sheep.
a disease complex of ruminants and horses caused by plant poisoning or mineral imbalances and characterized by extensive calcification of soft
tissues.
Enzootic calcinosis
Clinical signs of Enzootic calcinosis
- Stiffness and shifting limb lameness.
- Abnormal straightness of distal joints.
- Stiff, slow gait with short steps.
- Forelimbs primarily affected; some animals graze or walk on their knees.
- Tachycardia (rapid heart rate).
- Audible heart murmurs (if endocardial calcification is present).
- Prominent jugular venous pulse in some cases.
DISORDER OF BONES AND JOINTS
Ankylosing spondylosis
Degenerative Arthropathy
exostoses develop on the ligament of the ventral aspect of the lumbar vertebrae, primarily in older
bulls. Fracture of the exostosis and associated vertebrae causes pressure on the spinal cord, which results in severe ataxia or paralysis. There is no treatment.
Ankylosing spondylosis
This nonspecific condition affecting mainly the hip and stifle is characterized by degeneration of articular cartilage and eburnation of subchondral bone, joint effusion, and fibrosis with calcification of the joint capsule.
Degenerative Arthropathy
the partial or complete break in a bone, caused by
trauma, stress, or pathological conditions such as:
- Falls or slips, particularly on slippery or uneven surfaces.
- Vehicle accidents or being struck by heavy machinery.
- Kicks from other animals or collisions during handling.
FRACTURES
Clinical signs of Fractures
- Swelling, deformity, or abnormal angulation of the limb.
- Open wounds with exposed bone in compound fractures.
- Lameness or inability to bear weight on the affected limb.
- Reluctance to move.
Treatment
- Casting or Splinting: For simple, closed fractures in small ruminants or young animals.
- External Fixation: Using external pins or frames for stable immobilization.
- Internal Fixation: Surgical placement of plates, screws, or intramedullary pins in severe or displaced fractures.
- Amputation: As a last resort in irreparable fractures, especially in small ruminants.
seen in most breeds of cattle. The forms range from the so-called Dexter “bulldog” lethal in which the calf is invariably stillborn, to mildly affected
animals .
- improper development of the growth plate, causing dwarfism (brachycephalic or dolichocephalic).
DYSCHONDROPLASIA (BULLDOG CALF)
- Short faces, bulging foreheads, prognathism, cleft palate, large abdomens, and short legs are characteristic. They are approximately half normal size.
- common in hereford cattle
brachycephalic
- same general body conformation as the brachycephalic dwarf, except that it has a long head and does not have either a bulging forehead or prognathism.
- common in angus cattle
dolichocephalic