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PATHO Flashcards

1
Q

TISSUE ALTERATIONS IN ACUTE
INFLAMMATION

A

Vascular Changes and Cellular Changes

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2
Q

He was the first to describe vascular
changes in 1877.

A

Julius Cohnheim

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3
Q

VASCULAR CHANGES

A
  1. Changes in the Blood Vessels
  2. Changes in the Rate of Flow
  3. Changes in the Bloodstream
  4. Exudation of Plasma
  5. Emigration of Leukocytes
  6. Diapedesis of Erythrocytes
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4
Q

Immediately upon application of the irritant, the arterioles are constricted. The constriction is very short-lived (seconds), and is therefore of not much
importance.

A

Momentary constriction

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5
Q

The momentary constriction of vessels is quickly followed by their dilation that
involves first arterioles and then results in the opening of new capillary beds in the
area.

A

Vasodilation

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6
Q

Vasodilation leads to ________ and increased blood flow, the cause of heat
and redness.

A

hyperaemia

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7
Q

This results in concentration of red cells in small vessels and increased viscosity of the blood.

A

CHANGES IN THE RATE OF FLOW

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8
Q

Dilated small vessels packed with red cells

A

Stasis

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9
Q

The endothelial wall of capillaries and venules forms a semi-permeable barrier that allows free movement of
water and small molecules, and is only slightly permeable to plasma proteins.

A

Increased vascular permeability (vascular leakage):

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10
Q

Plasma proteins, namely, ________, ________, ________ leave the leaky vessels.

A

Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

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11
Q

Together with the increased hydrostatic pressure due to vasodilation, they cause a marked outflow of fluid
and its accumulation in the interstitial tissue. This net increase of extravascular fluid is called ___________.

A

Inflammatory
oedema.

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12
Q

As the early vasodilation results in increased blood flow, later it is soon followed by this.

A

Slowing of the circulation

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13
Q

Retardation is achieved in four ways:

A

(i) by increasing the capillary bed in the area.
(ii) by swelling of the endothelial cells lining the capillaries.
(iii) increases viscosity of blood, and this leads to further retardation of the flow,
(iv) margination of the leukocytes.

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14
Q

The main change consists of a redistribution of the cellular elements of the bloodstream.

A

CHANGES IN THE BLOODSTREAM

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15
Q

Held in the centeR by the centripetal force of the flowing blood.

A

Cellular elements

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16
Q

External to the axial stream, a clear zone consisting mainly of plasma, which is
in contact with the wall of the vessel.

A

plasmatic stream

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17
Q

Process of leukocyte adhesion at the periphery of vessels

A

Margination

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18
Q

Process of brief, loose sticking of leukocytes to the endothelium

A

rolling

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19
Q

Firm sticking of leukocytes to the endothelium

A

adhesion

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20
Q

the endothelium is virtually lined by white cells.

A

pavementing

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21
Q

Following increased vascular permeability, fluid part of the blood escapes into the inflamed area.

A

EXUDATION OF PLASMA

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22
Q

This is the process by which leukocytes come out of the blood vessels into the extravascular space.

A

EMIGRATION OF LEUKOCYTES

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23
Q

refers to the process by which leukocyte migrate from blood vessels. AKA emigration

A

Diapedesis

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24
Q

4 SPECIFIC ACTIONS OF WBCS IN
INFLAMMATION

A
  • Margination and pavementing
  • Diapedesis
  • Chemotaxis
  • Phagocytosis
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25
Q

Is the process by which leukocytes are directed to the site of injury

A

CHEMOTAXIS

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26
Q

The process of taking particulate matter in the cytoplasm by cells

A

phagocytosis

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27
Q

5 groups of cells associated with phagocytosis

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Macrophages
  • Capillary endothelial cells
  • Simple squamous EC on serous surfaces
  • Septal cells of the lung
28
Q

Is the migration of cellular and humoral substances into an area of
inflammation

A

EXUDATION

29
Q

Is composed of the cellular and humoral substances which accumulate in
an area of inflammation

A

EXUDATES

30
Q

5 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF
EXUDATE

A
  • the irritant
  • injured tissue cells
  • leukocytes (also macrophages and plasma cells)
  • Plasma constituents (water, protein, fibrin, and antibodies)
  • erythrocytes.
31
Q

FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE
VARIATIONS IN THE APPEARANCE OF
AN AREA OF INFLAMMATION

A
  • Nature of irritant
  • Tissue involved
  • Duration of the applicant of the irritant
32
Q

When the principal constituent of the exudate is lymph or plasma

A

Serous

33
Q

When the principal constituent of the exudate is mucin

A

Mucous or Cattarhal

34
Q

When the principal constituent of exudate is fibrin

A

Fibrinous

35
Q

When the principal constituent of the exudate are neutrophils

A

Suppurative

36
Q

When the principal constituent of the exudate are RBCs

A

Hemorrhagic

37
Q

When the principal constituent of the exudate are lymphocytes

A

Lymphocytic

38
Q

Is the reaction of the body to a protein to which it has been previously
sensitized

A

Allergic

39
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF INFLAMMATION
ACCORDING TO DURATION

A

Peracute
Acute
Subacute
Chronic

40
Q

The process whereby the body destroys and remove the irritant and returns the part to as near a normal functional state

A

Healing

41
Q

In the process of healing, destroyed cells may be replaced by cells of their own kind

A

repair by regeneration

42
Q

Often healing is accomplished by replacing highly specialized cells with less
specialized connective tissues

A

repair by substitution

43
Q

Factors affecting the
ability to achieve healing:

A
  1. The Genera, Family
  2. The Tissue or Organ involved
  3. The degree of specialization of the cell
  4. The age of the animal
44
Q

Healing is by proliferation of parenchymatous cells leading to complete restoration of the original tissue

A

Regeneration

45
Q

Repair is the replacement of injured tissue by
proliferation of fibrous tissue

A

Repair

46
Q

Factors Inhibiting Repair

A
  1. Age
  2. Nutrition
  3. Immune depression
  4. Certain diseases
  5. Malignancy
  6. Drugs
  7. Superimposed infection
  8. Inflammatory damage
47
Q

Untoward effects of
inflammation and repair

A
  1. Perforation
  2. Advancing planes of inflammatory tissue
  3. Extensive Fibrosis
  4. Complications that results from a sequelae
48
Q

The fibers shrink, and the resultant tissue

A

scar or cicatrix

49
Q

Known as healing by primary union or healing by first intention

A

Healing of a closed
wound

50
Q

Known as healing by second intention or healing by granulation

A

Healing of an open wound

51
Q

This is accomplished in the same manner as in the healing of open wounds

A

Healing of an abscess

52
Q

This occurs by organization of exudates

A

Healing of serous membranes

53
Q

Is characterized by a disturbance in metabolism by an elevation of the body temperature and by various functional disturbances such as increased pulse rate, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, increased thirst, scanty urine and dehydration.

A

Fever

54
Q

Is the growth of new cells that proliferate
without control, serves no useful function, and has no orderly arrangement

A

Neoplasm

55
Q

the science that deals with the
study of neoplastic growth

A

Oncology

56
Q

Two kinds of Neoplasm

A

Benign and Malignant

57
Q

Factors that indicate
the degree of anaplasia

A
  • Enlargement of the nucleus
  • multiple nuclei in the cell
  • enlargement of the nucleolus
  • increased number of mitotic figures
  • hyperchromasia of the cell
  • embryonal self type
58
Q

Most common method of spread of
malignant cells

A

Infiltration

59
Q

Spread of tumor cells from one organ to another by way of lymphatics blood vessels as an embolus

A

Metastasis

60
Q

Transfer of tumor cells from
one serous or mucous surface to another by direct contact

A

Implantation /
Transplantation

61
Q

Tumors derived from epithelial surfaces, either squamous or glandular.

A

Epithelial

62
Q

involves an epithelial surface.

A

Papilloma

63
Q

involves glandular epithelium

A

Adenoma

64
Q

involves either squamous or glandular epithelium.

A

Carcinoma

65
Q

Tumours derived from connective tissue in general (fibrous tissue, cartilage, bone,
muscle).

A

Non-epithelial

66
Q

This tumour arises from an embryonic defect in growth and is composed of one germ layer only, the ectoderm, and contains teeth, hair, and other dermal structures.

A

Dermal cyst tumour

67
Q

This tumour also arises from an embryonic defect in growth and is composed of two or
more germ layers.

A

Teratoma

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