Ruminant lice and flies

Question 1

What are the genera of sucking lice in cattle?

Answer 1

Haematopinus, Linognathus, Solenopotes

Question 2

What is the genus of biting lice in ruminants?

Answer 2

Damalinia bovis

Question 3

What is the genus of sucking lice in horses?

Answer 3

Haematopinus asini

Question 4

What is the genus of biting lice in horses?

Answer 4

Damalinia equi

Question 5

Lice characteristics

Answer 5

very host specific, transmit by direct contact, worse in winter

Question 6

Pathogenesis, clinical signs, treatment for lice

Answer 6

damage skin and wool, anemia, alopecia, crusts, find/identify lice and eggs. correct underlying causes and treat with ivermectin pour on. Single dose is effective but keep cows separated for a week after. use insecticide sprays and pour ons for sheep but no ivermectin. Use permethrin and coumaphos for horses.

Question 7

What are control of flies based on?

Answer 7

Feeding sites, resting sites, oviposition sites

Question 8

Culicoides

Answer 8

blood feeder, small and slender “no see ums”, oviposition in damp areas of decaying vegetation near water. poor fliers. Insect bite hypersensitivity in horses: mane, tail, belly may be pruritic, can see broken hairs, lesions.

Question 9

What does Culicoides transmit?

Answer 9

Sheep Blue Tongue virus, epizootic hemorrhagic diseases/bt in deer

Question 10

Control of Culidoides

Answer 10

for horses, topical permethrin with repellant activity, screened enclosures, fans.

Question 11

Black flies

Answer 11

Simulium, may swarm, have stocky body and humped back, blade like mouth parts are painful, strong fliers, lay eggs in flowing water. Weight loss and anemia and provide secondary site for other blood suckers. Spray animal or get permission from EPA to spray aquatic habitat.

Question 12

Sand flies

Answer 12

Lutzomyia, females have piercing proboscis to suck blood, long antennae and legs, weak fliers that hop, called sand fleas. oviposition sites under rocks, dead leaves. can transmit leishmania, use permethrin.

Question 13

Tabanus

Answer 13

Horse fly, large, heavy bodied, strong fliers, blood feeders. Eggs in wet areas over water. cut skin and feed on blood using labellum.

Question 14

Chrysops

Answer 14

Deer fly large, heavy bodied, strong fliers, blood feeders. Eggs in wet areas over water. more colourful. cut skin and feed on blood using labellum.

Question 15

Chemical control for tabanids

Answer 15

NONE. adults not on any surface long enough for topicals. can try traps.

Question 16

House fly

Answer 16

Musca domestica, labellum that laps up material regurgitated. Oviposit on moist, decaying organic matter. Life cycle in 7-10 days. resting site in sun. Public annoyance, can transmit diseases, transport eggs of parasites and be IH.

Question 17

Control of house flies

Answer 17

Sanitation!!! scrape up areas that get moist and spread manure on pasture. put sprays on resting sites. use baits with pheromones and sugar to trap. Can use dark traps. use biological control like parasitoid wasps but use correct species.

Question 18

Stable flies

Answer 18

Stomoxys calcitrans. slender and piercing proboscis that feeds on blood, around legs and feet. most problem in confined livestock. Oviposit in moist decaying matter (more decaying). Life cycle in 33-36 days. resting sites in shaded areas. Primary injury due to painful bite, few flies per leg leads to economic loss. Are a nuisance.

Question 19

Control of stable flies

Answer 19

Sanitation, remove or mound manure. Use translucent traps like alsynite. Chemical control with pyrethroids. can use parasitoid wasps if correct species. fly baits are not attractive for these. Large hay bales decaying are the main problem! waste disposed of before mid april.

Question 20

Face fly

Answer 20

Musca autumnalis. Not found in Southernmost states. larger than a house fly, adults feed on cattle secretions, and nectar. Puparium is dirty white. Females lay egg in fresh dung 5-24 hours after defecation. overwinters in barns and homes, only spend 10 minutes on animal and then in shade. Also called attic flies. Accumulate lipid in fall and overwinter. emerge late May. leads to weight reduction, milk loss, vector of moraxella bovis.

Question 21

Control of face flies

Answer 21

sanitation not likely. do ear tags with pyrethroids or organophosphates. 2 per animal. backrubbers. oral larvicides.

Question 22

Horn fly

Answer 22

Haemotobia irritans. In cattle, half size of house fly. Females oviposit in fresh manure, less than 3 min after defecation. Life cycle is 10-14 days. ALWAYS on cattle. on backs, if moved they will go to another animal. Bulls have the most flies. irritation, blood loss, weight loss.

Question 23

Control of horn fly

Answer 23

Successful control leads to an economic increase in weight. ear tags with pyrethroid, organophosphate. Resistance common due to spending whole life in animal. do not use tag if not fly season. backrubbers. topical insecticides or avermectins.

Question 24

Obligatory Myiasis

Answer 24

Fly larvae complete development within host or living tissue, like screwworm.

Question 25

Facultative Myiasis

Answer 25

Oviposition sites are carcasses. Flies attracted to sores, wounds, clotted blood, chemical cues like carrion. Like bottle flies. Clean wounds.

Question 26

Heel flies

Answer 26

Hypoderma. Adults similar to honeybees but no biting mouthparts and cannot sting. Active on warm days and live for few days. Larvae burrow through skin into connective tissue for months. Go to spinal canal or esophagus, move to back, cut a breathing hole.

Question 27

Clinical signs, control, treatment of heel flies

Answer 27

frighten cattle, may cause injury, decreased milk production due to flies. Cysts that are painful, anaphylaxis, CNS signs due to larvae. Observe eggs in hair or grubs on back. Apply insecticides before fly season and before reach esophagus or spinal cord (coumaphos) or ivermectin.