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Microbiology > RT2 > Flashcards

RT2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

where are most respiratory infections

A

in the upper respiratory tract

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2
Q

viral agents commonly involved in RT infections

A
  1. Adenoviruses
  2. Rhinoviruses
  3. Coronaviruses
  4. HPIV
  5. RSV
  6. Influenzaviruses
  7. Emerging: non- polio picornaviruses
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3
Q

viruses than enter through the respiratory but do not exert their pathology in the RT

A

􏰀Measles (􏰀Both Rubella and Rubeola)
􏰀Chickenpox 􏰀aka Varicella-Zoster 􏰀aka HSV-3
􏰀Smallpox 􏰀Coxsackievirus 􏰀Norwalk Virus

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4
Q

upper RT infections

A 
􏰀Sinusitis (most common)
􏰀Rhinitis 􏰀(runny nose aka common cold)
Otolaryngitis 􏰀(nose clogged and scared to talk)
Laryngitis
Pharyngitis
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5
Q

lower RT infections

A

Bronchitis/Bronchiolitis 􏰀

Pneumonias

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6
Q

types of pneumonias

A

CAPs (Community- Acquired Pneumonia)(exogenous)
[Acute CAPs 􏰀Subacute/Chronic]

􏰀Nosocomial 􏰀Usually acute (hospital acquired and deadly)

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7
Q

why is mucus elevator more important in lower RT

A

in URT gravity pushes the mucus down so not needed

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8
Q

sinusitis and otitis media have mainly what potential etiologic agent

A

bacterial

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9
Q

microbial causes of rhinitis

A

viral agents: rhinovirus, adenovirus, coronavirus, non-polio picornavirus

no significant bacterial agents

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10
Q

clinical syndrome of rhinitis

A 
symptoms of common cold which include:
•Runny or stuffy nose
•Itchy or sore throat
•Cough
•Congestion
•Slight body aches or a mild headache •Sneezing
•Watery eyes
•Low-grade fever 
•Mild fatigue
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11
Q

what does a person get in most viral agents that they do not get in rhinitis

A 
high fever (low grade in rhinitis)
or high/significant fatigue
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12
Q

many cases of rhinitis are due to what?

A

allergies rather than infection

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13
Q

what happens to nasal discharge as the common cold runs its course

A

it becomes thicker and yellow or green in color

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14
Q

rhinovirus is from what viral family

A

picornavirus

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15
Q

describe physical features of rhinovirus (picornavirus)

A

small, +ssRNA, icosahedral, non enveloped virus

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16
Q

what are features of rhinovirus that contributes to its pathogenicity

A

relatively stable in the environment, non enveloped, opt temp of growth at 33-35oC, antigenic drift

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17
Q

how do the features of rhinovirus help with its pathogenicity

A

stable in environment: enables transmission
non enveloped: less sensitive to surface cleaners like alcohols and disinfectants
opt temp of 33-35: ideal for URT infection
antigenic drift: high number of viral serotype (greater than 153)

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18
Q

sole known reservoir of rhinovirus

A

humans

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19
Q

who is susceptible to rhinovirus

A

all ages: more severe in younger children because they haven’t built immunity against it

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20
Q

transmission and survival time of rhinovirus

A

transmission - breathing on one another, droplets, formites, sneezing

survival time: 2 hours to a week

21
Q

what happens to most people infected with enterovirus

A

they do not get sick or they get mild illness

22
Q

what are symptoms of those who develop mild illness from enterovirus

A

fever, runny nose, sneezing, cough, skin rash, mouth blisters, body and muscle aches

23
Q

clinical syndrome of adenovirus

A

pharyngitis (sore throat), conjunctivitis (inflammation of conjuctiva of eye)

24
Q

significant about the structure of adenovirus

A

icosahedral and there are fibers at the end of each penton

25
Q

how are adenovirus placed into groups and haemagglutination group

A

group based on their fiber length and DNA homology (A, B, C)

haemagglutination group based on their capability to agglutinate erythrocytes (I, II, III, IV)

26
Q

how many serotypes do adenovirus have?

A

a hell of a lot

27
Q

what do the adenovirus component do once it gets into the cell

A

it hijacks the cell and interferes with the host immune response then takes over the cell in order for the host to make more adenovirus

28
Q

adenovirus pathogenicity

A

fiber protein at the end of the penton enables attachment to host cell receptor which varies with viral serotype

29
Q

what is the receptor for serotype 2 and 5 for adenovirus

A

CAR = Coxsackie Adenovirus Receptor

30
Q

where does the toxic activity of adenovirus come from

A

penton base

31
Q

what are the toxic activity of adenovirus provided by the penton base

A
  • 􏰀Inhibition of cellular mRNA synthesis
  • 􏰀Cell rounding
  • 􏰀Tissue damage
32
Q

most infections with adenovirus occurs when

A

before the age of 14

33
Q

adenovirus can be associated with what other systems

A

ocular, respiratory, GI systems

34
Q

outcomes of adenoviral infection

A

lytic (mucoepithelial cells)

latent (Adenoid cells)

35
Q

what is significant about adenovirus and swimming pools

A

adenovirus can survive chlorination of swimming pools

36
Q

clinical symptom of coronavirus

A

common cold, SARs

37
Q

describe physical features of coronavirus

A

enveloped, helical nucleocapsid, surface/spike proteins, +ssRNA class IVb

38
Q

what is the 20mm projecting surface proteins on coronavirus called?

A

peplomers

39
Q

importance of peplomers

A

attach to carbs or proteins and is the site of antigenic epitopes

40
Q

importance of the antigenic epitopes on the coronavirus

A

antibodies can bind to it and neutralize its effects aka stop it from getting into cells

41
Q

transmission of coronavirus

A

droplets and fecal oral route

42
Q

why are re-infection by the same coronavirus possible

A

the neutralizing antibody is short lived

43
Q

total number of serotypes in coronavirus

A

undetermined because coronavirus is very difficult to isolate

44
Q

survival time of coronavirus

A

3 hours

45
Q

survival time of adenovirus

A

7days - 3 months

46
Q

pathogenesis of coronavirus

A

it’s optimum growth occurs at 33-340C in the ciliated nasal epithelium which there are no good animal models for because it is hard to isolate and grow

hence the specifics of pathogenesis and immune response is not clear

47
Q

what is the new coronavirus that originated in Guandong province in China

A

SARS-CoV

48
Q

clinical syndrome of SARS-CoV

A

severe acute respiratory syndrome

49
Q

another new coronavirus other than SARS-CoV and what is it found in

A

MERS-CoV and it is found in bats

Microbiology (39 decks)

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