Parasitology

Question 1

difference between autochthonous vs. imported

Answer 1

autochthonous - native to the place where found

imported - not normally native to the place where found

Question 2

features of macroepidemiology

Answer 2

• Morbidity
• Mortality
• Prevalence (age \ sex)
• Intensity
• Economic impact

Question 3

features of microepidemiology

Answer 3

Internal
• Immunity
• Nutritional status
• Genetic susceptibility

External
• Human behavior
• Breed/use of dog
• Environment

Question 4

percentage of people in hospital beds that have water related diseases

Answer 4

50%

Question 5

difference between endophilic, anthrophilic, and zoonophilic

Answer 5

endophilic - feed indoors
anthrophilic - feed on humans
zoonophilic - feed on animals

Question 6

what is polyparasitism

Answer 6

person being infected with multiple parasites at a time

Question 7

difference between indirect and direct horizontal transmission

Answer 7

direct: infected host –> susceptible host (basically human to human)
indirect: infected host –> susceptible vector/intermediate host –> susceptible host

Question 8

what is vertical transmission

Answer 8

infected mother to uninfected offspring by trans-placental or trans-mammary

Question 9

what does PPP stand for

Answer 9

prepatent period: period between infection of an individual by parasite and the first ability to detect in that individual the parasite

Question 10

what are the hosts for Trypanosoma cruzi (Trypanosomiasis)

Answer 10

armadillo, possum, agouti, humans

Question 11

intermediate host for trypanosoma cruzi

Answer 11

reduviid (kissing, cone-nosed) but [triatomid]

Question 12

transmission of trypanosoma cruzi

Answer 12

• horizontal bite by reduviid bug take blood meal near mouth or eyes of a host at NIGHT
• defecates after feeding and expels parasite in feces which is taken in through mucus membranes or wound

Question 13

lifecycle of trypanosoma cruzi

Answer 13

trypomastigotes: bloodstream and plasma

become amastigotes: inside muscle or nerve cells esp myocardium or myenteric plexus of gut where it multiplies

Question 14

symptoms of trypanosoma cruzi

Answer 14

• chagoma/ romana’s sign (looks like eyes are swollen shut) which is uniocular and lasts for few months
• cardiomegaly
• apical aneurysm
• megacolon
• megaesophagus

Question 15

control of trypanosoma cruzi

Answer 15

no vaccine
education
insecticide-treated nets at night

Question 16

another name for African Trypanosomiasis and two types of trypanosomiasis

Answer 16

AKA sleeping sickness
trypanosoma b. rhodesiense
trypanosoma b. gambiense

Question 17

Which strand of african trypanosomiasis is in West Africa? What is its host and intermediate host?

Answer 17

trypanosoma b. gambiense
host: pigs (reservoir host)
intermediate host: tsetse fly

Question 18

which strand of African Trypsanosomiasis is in East Africa? What is its host and intermediate host?

Answer 18

trypanosoma b. rhodesiense
host: wildlife
intermdiate host: tsetse fly

Question 19

transmission of trypanosomiasis

Answer 19

painful bite during the day (diurnal)

Question 20

symptoms of trypanosomiasis

Answer 20

intermittent fever, becoming progressively weaker, anemia, sleeping a lot, coma

Question 21

lifecycle of trypanosomiasis

Answer 21

trypomastigoes occur in RBC, lymphatics, and CSF

no tissue amastigote stage

Question 22

host and intermediate host of leishmaniasis

Answer 22

host: sloths/rodents

intermediate host: sandflies do not need water to breed

Question 23

transmission of leishmaniasis

Answer 23

sandflies take up AMASTIGOTES in WBC which then converted to PROMASTIGOTE in its gut then transmitted via SALIVARY GLANDS to the animal

Question 24

how is malaria transmitted

Answer 24

mosquito

Question 25

amount of people affected annually by malaria and amount of those who die from it

Answer 25

200-500 million with 0.6 - 3 million dying