Parasitology Flashcards
difference between autochthonous vs. imported
autochthonous - native to the place where found
imported - not normally native to the place where found
features of macroepidemiology
- Morbidity
- Mortality
- Prevalence (age \ sex)
- Intensity
- Economic impact
features of microepidemiology
Internal
• Immunity
• Nutritional status
• Genetic susceptibility
External
• Human behavior
• Breed/use of dog
• Environment
percentage of people in hospital beds that have water related diseases
50%
difference between endophilic, anthrophilic, and zoonophilic
endophilic - feed indoors
anthrophilic - feed on humans
zoonophilic - feed on animals
what is polyparasitism
person being infected with multiple parasites at a time
difference between indirect and direct horizontal transmission
direct: infected host –> susceptible host (basically human to human)
indirect: infected host –> susceptible vector/intermediate host –> susceptible host
what is vertical transmission
infected mother to uninfected offspring by trans-placental or trans-mammary
what does PPP stand for
prepatent period: period between infection of an individual by parasite and the first ability to detect in that individual the parasite
what are the hosts for Trypanosoma cruzi (Trypanosomiasis)
armadillo, possum, agouti, humans
intermediate host for trypanosoma cruzi
reduviid (kissing, cone-nosed) but [triatomid]
transmission of trypanosoma cruzi
- horizontal bite by reduviid bug take blood meal near mouth or eyes of a host at NIGHT
- defecates after feeding and expels parasite in feces which is taken in through mucus membranes or wound
lifecycle of trypanosoma cruzi
trypomastigotes: bloodstream and plasma
become amastigotes: inside muscle or nerve cells esp myocardium or myenteric plexus of gut where it multiplies
symptoms of trypanosoma cruzi
- chagoma/ romana’s sign (looks like eyes are swollen shut) which is uniocular and lasts for few months
- cardiomegaly
- apical aneurysm
- megacolon
- megaesophagus
control of trypanosoma cruzi
no vaccine
education
insecticide-treated nets at night
another name for African Trypanosomiasis and two types of trypanosomiasis
AKA sleeping sickness
trypanosoma b. rhodesiense
trypanosoma b. gambiense
Which strand of african trypanosomiasis is in West Africa? What is its host and intermediate host?
trypanosoma b. gambiense
host: pigs (reservoir host)
intermediate host: tsetse fly
which strand of African Trypsanosomiasis is in East Africa? What is its host and intermediate host?
trypanosoma b. rhodesiense
host: wildlife
intermdiate host: tsetse fly
transmission of trypanosomiasis
painful bite during the day (diurnal)
symptoms of trypanosomiasis
intermittent fever, becoming progressively weaker, anemia, sleeping a lot, coma
lifecycle of trypanosomiasis
trypomastigoes occur in RBC, lymphatics, and CSF
no tissue amastigote stage
host and intermediate host of leishmaniasis
host: sloths/rodents
intermediate host: sandflies do not need water to breed
transmission of leishmaniasis
sandflies take up AMASTIGOTES in WBC which then converted to PROMASTIGOTE in its gut then transmitted via SALIVARY GLANDS to the animal
how is malaria transmitted
mosquito
amount of people affected annually by malaria and amount of those who die from it
200-500 million with 0.6 - 3 million dying
