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Microbiology > Control of Viral Population > Flashcards

Control of Viral Population Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

ways to control viral population

A
  • Quarantine
  • Good hygiene
  • Changes in lifestyle
  • Elimination of a vector
  • Immunize the population
  • Development and implementation of antivirals
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2
Q

ways to control outbreak

A

ID source/reservoir, clean-up, quarantine, immunization, etc.

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3
Q

Universal precautions when handling blood

A

assume contamination

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4
Q

Essential in hospital / health care settings in order to control viral disease

A

Limit contact, immunize health care workers, improve hygiene

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5
Q

disinfection for virus

A

70% ethanol, 15% chlorine bleach, autoclaving

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6
Q

is education (public, research) important for viral control

A

yeah

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7
Q

vaccines for virus

A

1) Inactivated (killed)
2) Live-attenuated
3) Subunit
4) DNA

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8
Q

difference between prophylactic and therapeutic

A

prophylactic - used to prevent contracting infection

therapeutic - used to treat once infection has been contracted

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9
Q

ways to prevent or treat viral populations

A

vaccines, antivirals, stimulate host innate immune system

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10
Q

ways to stimulate host innate immune system

A

– Interferon (induces synthesis of cellular proteins capable of inhibiting translation or transcription)
– Activate NK kills (agents that bind to toll-like receptors)
– Antibodies (natural or passive immunization)

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11
Q

what qualities make a vaccine good?

A

– Cheap (for majority of vaccines, new vaccines usually much more expensive)
– Used before discovery of viruses
– Result in decline of illness and death (polio, MMR, etc.) - humans and animals
– Eradication (smallpox)

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12
Q

what are live attenuated vaccines

A

LIVE virus particles that grow in the vaccine recipient but do not cause disease because the vaccine has been altered (mutated) to a non pathogenic form

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13
Q

examples of infections treated with live attenuated vaccines

A

Polio (Sabin), MMR, Yellow fever, Rotavirus, Varicella

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14
Q

what are inactivated vaccines

A

Preparations of the normal (wild type) infectious, pathogenic virus then rendered non-pathogenic usually by chemical treatment such as with formalin that cross- links viral proteins

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15
Q

example of infections treated with inactivated vaccines

A

Polio (Salk), Influenza, HepA

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16
Q

what are subunit viral vaccines

A

• Purified virus components
• Recombinant proteins that self-assemble
into Virus Like Particles (VLPs) and they help host form resistance

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17
Q

example of viruses treated with subunit

A

HepB, Quadrivalent HPV

18
Q

what type of vaccine is gardasil

A

subunit

19
Q

how does HPV vaccine work

A

– Recombinant L1 proteins that self-assemble into VLPs and is given before the onset of sexual activity
– ~100% protection from infection with vaccine HPV types
– Potential to prevent ~70% of cervical cancers,
~90% of genital warts

20
Q

what is a DNA viral vaccine

A
  • Usually harmless viruses into which a gene for a (supposedly) protective antigen has been spliced
  • Protective antigen is then made in the vaccine recipient to elicit an immune response
21
Q

how do antivirals work

A

they interfere with virus specific functions and interfere with cellular functions (preferably virus infected)

22
Q

properties of antivirals

A

water soluble, taken up by cells, stable

23
Q

what are antivirals not?

A 
– toxic
– carcinogenic 
– allergenic
– mutagenic
– teratogenic
24
Q

what properties make a good medicine

A
  • activity
  • solubility
  • oral bioavailability
  • half life
  • metabolic profile/toxicity
25
Q

viruses treatable with antivirals

A
  • Herpes simplex virus
  • Varicella-zostervirus
  • Cytomegalovirus
  • Human immunodeficiency virus
  • Influenza A and B viruses
  • Respiratory syncytial virus
  • Hepatitis B and C viruses
  • Papillomavirus
  • Picornavirus
26
Q

goal of antivirals

A

virion disruption or inhibition of life cycle

27
Q

how do antivirals block attachment hence blocking subsequent stages

A

– tends to be virus specific, more for prophylaxis

– neutralizing antibodies bind viral receptors 􏰂 prevent attachment of the virus to the host cell

28
Q

how do antivirals block penetration

A

fusion inhibitors

29
Q

how do antivirals block uncoating

A

– amantadine

30
Q

how do antivirals block replication

A

– Nucleoside analogues: incorporated into viral genomes

– Get chain termination: analogues lack hydroxyl groups for linking of backbone

31
Q

example of an antiviral that blocks replication

A

acyclovir

32
Q

what is acyclovir used to treat

A

HHV I and HHV II infections

33
Q

how does acyclovir work

A

it is a guanine analogue that uses viral thymidine kinase –> monophosphate (using host cell TK) –> diphosphate (using host cell TK) –> triphosphate

acyclovir triphosphate blocks DNA synthesis by chain termination which it does by inhibiting the function of viral DNA polymerase

34
Q

nucleoside inhibitors of reverse transcriptase

A

Azidothymidine (AZT), ddI (nucleoside polymerase inhibitors)

35
Q

what are non-nucleoside polymerase inhibitor example and how does it work?

A

Nevirapine - bind to various sites on enzyme

36
Q

antiviral that blocks assembly and release

A

Protease inhibitors (Saquinavir, etc.)

37
Q

how does Saquinavir (protease inhibitor) work

A

– Block cleavage of polyproteins
– HIV is dependent on proteolytic enzyme for full infectivity
– Drug-resistant strains > protease mutations

38
Q

what causes resistance to antivirals

A 
• Targeted enzyme changes
• Mutations, deletions, substitutions
• Replication rate
– type of NA figures heavily here
• Preventative measures against resistance – Rationale behind antiviral “cocktails”
39
Q

examples of immunomodulators

A

• Interferons
– IFN-α: active against many viral infections
• Imiquimod
– Toll-like receptor ligand, stimulates innate responses to attack the virus infection (HPV)

40
Q

examples of viruses that use interferons

A

Hep A, B, and C, HSV, HPV, and rhinovirus

Microbiology (39 decks)

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