RSRS Flashcards
1
Q
What are 3 states of matter?
A
- Solids
- Liquids
- Gases
2
Q
characteristics of solids?
A
- structured internal order
- retains its shape
- doesn’t confirm to surroundings easily
- van der waals’ force
3
Q
Characteristics of liquids
A
- take the shape of the container
- cohesive forces
4
Q
Characteristics of gases
A
- posses complete molecular mobility
- no definite shape
- weak collision forces
- can be readily expanded or compressed
5
Q
What are the critical moment when one state of matter change to another?
A
Melting point
- solid to liquid , e.g. ice to water
Freezing point
- liquid to solid , e.g. water to ice
Boiling point
- liquid to gas , e.g. water to steam vapor
6
Q
What are the process of different changes in the state of matter?
A
Sublimation
- solid to gas , e.g. dry ice to CO2 vapour
Evaporation
- liquid to vapour, e.g. H2o to humidity
Condensation
- vapour to liquid , e.g. humidity to H2o
7
Q
What is the dew point?
A
- the temperature below at which water begin to condense and form dew
8
Q
What is the definition of critical pressure?
A
- pressure required to convert gas to liquid at its critical temperature
9
Q
What is the definition of critical temperature?
A
- the temperature above at which as gas cannot be converted back to a liquid
- regardless of its critical pressure
10
Q
What is the definition of vapour pressure?
A
- the pressure exerted by gas molecules as they evaporate
- changes with temperature
11
Q
What are 2 types of energy in a state of matter?
A
- positional or potential energy or pressure
- kinetic energy
12
Q
What happen when gas molecule collide with solid or liquid?
A
- a force is exerted on the solid or liquid
F = m(kg)a(m/s2) - a force acting on a surface creates pressure
P = F/A
13
Q
Which 2 physical factor help molecule to move apart?
A
- temperature
2. pressure
14
Q
What is the definition of temperature?
A
- the measurement of the average kinetic potential & kinetic energy of molecules of a substance
15
Q
What are the units of temperature? example?
A
- F, C, K
- 0 C = 273 K
- 0 k = absolute zero
16
Q
What is the definition of pressure?
A
- a force exerted against a resistance
17
Q
What is the equation for Pascal?
A
Newton (N) /m2
18
Q
What are the 2 ways that pressure is measured?
A
1) Height exerted by a fluid within a column
- -> H2O manometer, Hg barometer
2) weight per unit of area
- ->lb/square inch (PSI)
- ->N/m2 (pascal)
19
Q
Definition of density?
A
mass of substance per unit volume occupy
(rho) p = m/v
20
Q
What is the relationship between density and pressure?
A
P = F/A = mg/A
p= m/v
mg/a x h/h –> mgh/v
P = pgh
21
Q
What is the equation for gas density calculation?
A
p = gram molecular weight / 22.4L ( the volume of 1 mole of gas occupy at STPD
22
Q
What are the units of pressure
A
1 atm = 14.7psi
- -> 760mmhg or torr
- -> 1.013 x 10^5 pascals
- –>1.013 x 10^3 kilopascal
- –>1013.25 millibars
- –>1034 cm H2o
23
Q
What are the types of pressure?
A
absolute pressure = total pressure of a system
Atm pressure = barometric pressure
Gauge = pressure other than atm pressure
Absolute pressure = atm + guage
24
Q
What does RT pressure devices measure?
A
absolute, atm and or guage pressure
25
What does barometer(torricelli) measure? features? how?
1. atm pressure
2. has 1 end open to atm or barometric pressure to push onto the resorvior
3. liquid in the tube get pushed up which gives a measurement of pressure
26
What does open tube (u-tube)manometer measure? feature ? how?
1. measures gauge pressure
2. has 2 ends open to the atm pressure
3. fluid fluctuates as the pressures at either end is changed
- -> -ve pressure sucks liquid , decreasing the height on the other side
27
What does the manometer measure?
- measure gaseous pressure , < 200mmhg
| eg. Blood pressure , breathing pressure
28
How does the aneroid manometer work?
- gas flows into the pressure compartment, causing the hollow flat disk to expand
- The expansion of the flat disk cause movement of the lever arm with the pressure scale
29
What does a bourdon gauge measure?
- measure gaseous pressure MORE THAN 200mmhg
| eg. gas cylinder pressure
30
What are the 1st hydrostatic property?
Property 1:
Fluid at rest exerts force perpendicular to its surface --> cannot exert a force parallel to a surface
Such property is seen in utube or barometer - pressure energy created by fluids at height in the fluid column
31
What is the 2nd hydrostatic property?
Pascal therom
- pressure when applied to a fluid at rest is transmitted undiminished in all directions
such property is seen in high heels, bedsores
32
What is the 3rd hydrostatic property?
- pressure of a fluid at rest is the same at all points at equal depths
- the difference in pressure between 2 points is relative to the difference in height
33
What are the laws that applied to fluids at rest only?
Boyle - temperature is constant , increase Pressure decrease volume
Charles- pressure is constant, increases temperature increase volume
Gaylussac - volume is constant , increase pressure increase temperature
*all derive from ideal gas law
34
definition of daltons law of partial pressure
total pressure of a gaseous mixture = sum of partial pressures of the constituent gas
partial pressure exerted by each gas = volumetric percentage of mixture
35
Characteristic of hydrodynamic ?
- properties and behaviors of fluid in motion
- relate to patterns of bulk gas flow from point a to b
e.g. Ventilator flow rate
36
laws of hydrodynamic
Graham's law - diffusion related to density
henry's law - diffusion related to partial pressure and solubility
fick's law - diffusion related to surface area, PP , solubility and density
37
What were the different patterns of flow?
- Laminar
- turbulent
- transitional
38
characteristics of laminar?
- movement of fluids through smooth muscle surface and fixed radii
- moves in discrete cylindrical layer
39
What is laminar flow affected by?
directly affected by (decrease flow)
- viscosity
- length
indirectly affected by (increase flow)
- radius
Used in RT : small airways and medication delivery
40
characteristics of turbulent
- movement of molecules becomes chaotic
| - no longer move in a orderly cylindrical pattern
41
What is turbulent flow affected by
-density
see in RT: large airway, medical gases or medical delivery
42
When does laminar flow becomes turbulent?
- rapid increase in velocity of flow
- when tube's radius varies
- when tubes have rough, uneven surface
43
What is turbulent flow
mixture of laminar and turbulent flow
| - occurs when a laminar system a straight even tube, divide into 1 or more branches
44
What is Ohm's law for laminar?
flow = pressure / resistance
45
What are the factors that affect turbulent flow?
- sharp increase in the velocity of the gas or liquid
- obstruction in gas /liquid pathway
- decrease in the the radius of the tube
- changes from viscosity to density in gas
46
What does the turbulent flow factors form?
Reynolds number
47
What is ohm's law for turbulent?
Flow ^ 2 = P/R
R = p(density) x length / 4Pier^5
48
What does reynolds number represent?
the likelihood of laminar or turbulent flow
49
What is reynolds equation?
re = pvd / n
laminar flow < 2000 < or equal to turbulent flow
50
What are some application of torricelli theorem in the body?
1. cardiac output via the pulmonary and systemic circulation
2. coronary artery that is constricted during atherosclerosis
51
What does bernoulli therom ential?
- discovered that as velocity of gas increase at point of restriction in a tube --> kinetic energy is the highest
- due to conservation of energy, highest kinetic energy will have lowest potential/pressure energy
52
What does nebulizer do?
- takes a gas and entrains 1) air and 2) liquid to create
- blended gas mixture
- humidity
- aerosolized medication
53
What are the 2 types of agencies that control medical gas
agencies serve to protect users and consumer of medical gases from unsafe practice that could harm them
1) recommending
2) regulating
54
characteristic of regulating agency
- legal control over users and suppliers
- can take legal action if necessary
Control:
- manufacturing
- testing
- transport
- identification (label)
- marking (label)
- safety device
e. g. department of transportation (DOT)
- FDA (food and drug administration)
- transport canada
55
Characteristic of recommending agency
- provide expertise in area of knowledge
- NO LEGAL AUTHORITY
- recommend on:
Correct handling, usage practices
e.g. Canadian standard association (CSA),
International organization for standardization (ISO)
56
What is included on the cylinder
1. construction
2. markings
3. safety features
4. cylinder testing
5. demurrage
6. disposal/destruction
7. capacity and size
8. duration and content
57
How is cylinder constructed?
- seamless (smooth) high quality steel, aluminum STAMPED or spun into shape
58
What are different types of seamless cylinder?
Type 3AA - heat treated, high strength steel (common)
3A - no heat, high carbon steel
3AL - seamless aluminum alloy (common)
CR-MO - chrome molybdenum
59
What are the markings?
regulating agency - construction - service pressure
On the left
- manufacture mark
- ownership mark
- series number
on the right
- original hydostatic test date
- retest dates
- inspector marks
60
What are the safety features?
1. color coding of the shoulder
2. labeling
3. safety (high pressure ) relief valve in case of increasing in temperature
4. indexed inlet /outlet
61
What are 4 types of label?
1. barcode (similar to markings)
2. hazard (warning , precaution)
3. WHMIS
4. Tag (full/in use/empty) , purity
62
If the label is missing, destroyed or llegible--> should i use it?
NO
63
Function of pressure relief
- opens should pressure or temperature builds up inside the cylinder
* set 1.5 times the maximum service pressure of the cylinder
* non-sealable
64
What type of gas cylinder has relief valve?
**ALL MEDICAL GAs
Not for poisonous gas
65
What are 2 different types of relief valve?
1. frangible disc
| 2. fuisble plug
66
What is the purpose of indexed outlet/inlet?
prevent wrong connection between equipment to gas supplies
67
How many types of indexed outlet/inlet?
2,
1. PISS (pin, indexed, safety system) --> smaller cylinder , D/E sizes
- -> valve stem has pin hole, regulator have pin
- -> 6 different location --> 10 combination
2. American standards indexing (ASI) --> large cylinders H?K
- ->threaded valve for threaded regulator to attach
- -> medical gas has right thread "righty tighty, lefty loosey"
68
What are the PISS for o2, n2o and C/A
O2 : 2, 5
N2O: 3, 5
C/A: 1, 5
69
What does cylinder testing composed of?
- leaks
- buldging
- internal/external corrosion
- pittings (localize corrosion that leave small indent)
70
What are some test of the cylinder?
1. corrosion/pittings
- ->visual inspection
2. Hammer test /deadring
- clear cylinder sound (ok), dull ( corrosion)
3. hydrostatic test
- measurement of expansion
- measurement of water displacement after fillng with 5/3 of original pressure
- -> 3aa, 3a --> test every 10 years
- -> 3 al--> every 5 years
71
What is involved in the disposal and destruction of cylinder?
- discharge content slowly
- cut up steel
-
Noixous GAS*** --> perforate it from far or bury it
72
What are some handling procedures?
Dont use
- use oil or petrolum product
- if tag is missing
Do
- leave them secure
- cracking to remove dust EXCEPT H2, cyclopropane, ethylene and CO
73
O2 cylinder sizes and factors?
O2
1 FULL o2 cylinder --> 2200psi
D size : 359 L , 0.16L/psi
E: 622 L, 0.28L/psi
H: 6900 L , 3.14L/psi
STATE: Gas
74
Heliox (80/20) cylinder sizes and factors?
1 FUll heliox --> 2000psi
D: 310 L, 0.14
E: 510 L, 0.26
H: 5590L, 2.5
State:Gas
75
N2o size and factors?
1 Full n2o = 745 psi
D: 940L
E: 1590L
H: 15800L
STATE: LIQUID
76
equation for durations of flow
duration = content/flow
IF cylinder isn't full to begin with, use conversion factor = k
duration (with safety margin build in) = k x (gauge pressure - 500 psi) / flow
77
liquid O2 and N2o conversion to gaseous?
```
1LLO2 = 862 GL
1LLO2 = 2.5lbs
```
```
1LLN2O = 669GL
1LLN2O = 2.2lbs
```
