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Michener > RSRS > Flashcards

RSRS Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 states of matter?

A
  • Solids
  • Liquids
  • Gases
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2
Q

characteristics of solids?

A
  • structured internal order
  • retains its shape
  • doesn’t confirm to surroundings easily
  • van der waals’ force
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3
Q

Characteristics of liquids

A
  • take the shape of the container

- cohesive forces

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4
Q

Characteristics of gases

A
  • posses complete molecular mobility
  • no definite shape
  • weak collision forces
  • can be readily expanded or compressed
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5
Q

What are the critical moment when one state of matter change to another?

A

Melting point
- solid to liquid , e.g. ice to water

Freezing point
- liquid to solid , e.g. water to ice

Boiling point
- liquid to gas , e.g. water to steam vapor

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6
Q

What are the process of different changes in the state of matter?

A

Sublimation
- solid to gas , e.g. dry ice to CO2 vapour

Evaporation
- liquid to vapour, e.g. H2o to humidity

Condensation
- vapour to liquid , e.g. humidity to H2o

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7
Q

What is the dew point?

A
  • the temperature below at which water begin to condense and form dew
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8
Q

What is the definition of critical pressure?

A
  • pressure required to convert gas to liquid at its critical temperature
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9
Q

What is the definition of critical temperature?

A
  • the temperature above at which as gas cannot be converted back to a liquid
  • regardless of its critical pressure
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10
Q

What is the definition of vapour pressure?

A
  • the pressure exerted by gas molecules as they evaporate

- changes with temperature

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11
Q

What are 2 types of energy in a state of matter?

A
  • positional or potential energy or pressure

- kinetic energy

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12
Q

What happen when gas molecule collide with solid or liquid?

A
  • a force is exerted on the solid or liquid
    F = m(kg)a(m/s2)
  • a force acting on a surface creates pressure

P = F/A

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13
Q

Which 2 physical factor help molecule to move apart?

A
  1. temperature

2. pressure

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14
Q

What is the definition of temperature?

A
  • the measurement of the average kinetic potential & kinetic energy of molecules of a substance
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15
Q

What are the units of temperature? example?

A
  • F, C, K
  • 0 C = 273 K
  • 0 k = absolute zero
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16
Q

What is the definition of pressure?

A
  • a force exerted against a resistance
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17
Q

What is the equation for Pascal?

A

Newton (N) /m2

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18
Q

What are the 2 ways that pressure is measured?

A

1) Height exerted by a fluid within a column
- -> H2O manometer, Hg barometer

2) weight per unit of area
- ->lb/square inch (PSI)
- ->N/m2 (pascal)

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19
Q

Definition of density?

A

mass of substance per unit volume occupy

(rho) p = m/v

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20
Q

What is the relationship between density and pressure?

A

P = F/A = mg/A

p= m/v

mg/a x h/h –> mgh/v

P = pgh

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21
Q

What is the equation for gas density calculation?

A

p = gram molecular weight / 22.4L ( the volume of 1 mole of gas occupy at STPD

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22
Q

What are the units of pressure

A

1 atm = 14.7psi

  • -> 760mmhg or torr
  • -> 1.013 x 10^5 pascals
  • –>1.013 x 10^3 kilopascal
  • –>1013.25 millibars
  • –>1034 cm H2o
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23
Q

What are the types of pressure?

A

absolute pressure = total pressure of a system

Atm pressure = barometric pressure

Gauge = pressure other than atm pressure

Absolute pressure = atm + guage

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24
Q

What does RT pressure devices measure?

A

absolute, atm and or guage pressure

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25
Q

What does barometer(torricelli) measure? features? how?

A
  1. atm pressure
  2. has 1 end open to atm or barometric pressure to push onto the resorvior
  3. liquid in the tube get pushed up which gives a measurement of pressure
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26
Q

What does open tube (u-tube)manometer measure? feature ? how?

A
  1. measures gauge pressure
  2. has 2 ends open to the atm pressure
  3. fluid fluctuates as the pressures at either end is changed
    - -> -ve pressure sucks liquid , decreasing the height on the other side
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27
Q

What does the manometer measure?

A
  • measure gaseous pressure , < 200mmhg

eg. Blood pressure , breathing pressure

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28
Q

How does the aneroid manometer work?

A
  • gas flows into the pressure compartment, causing the hollow flat disk to expand
  • The expansion of the flat disk cause movement of the lever arm with the pressure scale
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29
Q

What does a bourdon gauge measure?

A
  • measure gaseous pressure MORE THAN 200mmhg

eg. gas cylinder pressure

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30
Q

What are the 1st hydrostatic property?

A

Property 1:
Fluid at rest exerts force perpendicular to its surface –> cannot exert a force parallel to a surface

Such property is seen in utube or barometer - pressure energy created by fluids at height in the fluid column

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31
Q

What is the 2nd hydrostatic property?

A

Pascal therom
- pressure when applied to a fluid at rest is transmitted undiminished in all directions

such property is seen in high heels, bedsores

32
Q

What is the 3rd hydrostatic property?

A
  • pressure of a fluid at rest is the same at all points at equal depths
  • the difference in pressure between 2 points is relative to the difference in height
33
Q

What are the laws that applied to fluids at rest only?

A

Boyle - temperature is constant , increase Pressure decrease volume
Charles- pressure is constant, increases temperature increase volume
Gaylussac - volume is constant , increase pressure increase temperature

*all derive from ideal gas law

34
Q

definition of daltons law of partial pressure

A

total pressure of a gaseous mixture = sum of partial pressures of the constituent gas

partial pressure exerted by each gas = volumetric percentage of mixture

35
Q

Characteristic of hydrodynamic ?

A
  • properties and behaviors of fluid in motion
  • relate to patterns of bulk gas flow from point a to b

e.g. Ventilator flow rate

36
Q

laws of hydrodynamic

A

Graham’s law - diffusion related to density
henry’s law - diffusion related to partial pressure and solubility
fick’s law - diffusion related to surface area, PP , solubility and density

37
Q

What were the different patterns of flow?

A
  • Laminar
  • turbulent
  • transitional
38
Q

characteristics of laminar?

A
  • movement of fluids through smooth muscle surface and fixed radii
  • moves in discrete cylindrical layer
39
Q

What is laminar flow affected by?

A

directly affected by (decrease flow)

  • viscosity
  • length

indirectly affected by (increase flow)
- radius

Used in RT : small airways and medication delivery

40
Q

characteristics of turbulent

A
  • movement of molecules becomes chaotic

- no longer move in a orderly cylindrical pattern

41
Q

What is turbulent flow affected by

A

-density

see in RT: large airway, medical gases or medical delivery

42
Q

When does laminar flow becomes turbulent?

A
  • rapid increase in velocity of flow
  • when tube’s radius varies
  • when tubes have rough, uneven surface
43
Q

What is turbulent flow

A

mixture of laminar and turbulent flow

- occurs when a laminar system a straight even tube, divide into 1 or more branches

44
Q

What is Ohm’s law for laminar?

A

flow = pressure / resistance

45
Q

What are the factors that affect turbulent flow?

A
  • sharp increase in the velocity of the gas or liquid
  • obstruction in gas /liquid pathway
  • decrease in the the radius of the tube
  • changes from viscosity to density in gas
46
Q

What does the turbulent flow factors form?

A

Reynolds number

47
Q

What is ohm’s law for turbulent?

A

Flow ^ 2 = P/R

R = p(density) x length / 4Pier^5

48
Q

What does reynolds number represent?

A

the likelihood of laminar or turbulent flow

49
Q

What is reynolds equation?

A

re = pvd / n

laminar flow < 2000 < or equal to turbulent flow

50
Q

What are some application of torricelli theorem in the body?

A
  1. cardiac output via the pulmonary and systemic circulation
  2. coronary artery that is constricted during atherosclerosis
51
Q

What does bernoulli therom ential?

A
  • discovered that as velocity of gas increase at point of restriction in a tube –> kinetic energy is the highest
  • due to conservation of energy, highest kinetic energy will have lowest potential/pressure energy
52
Q

What does nebulizer do?

A
  • takes a gas and entrains 1) air and 2) liquid to create
  • blended gas mixture
  • humidity
  • aerosolized medication
53
Q

What are the 2 types of agencies that control medical gas

A

agencies serve to protect users and consumer of medical gases from unsafe practice that could harm them

1) recommending
2) regulating

54
Q

characteristic of regulating agency

A
  • legal control over users and suppliers
  • can take legal action if necessary

Control:

  • manufacturing
  • testing
  • transport
  • identification (label)
  • marking (label)
  • safety device

e. g. department of transportation (DOT)
- FDA (food and drug administration)
- transport canada

55
Q

Characteristic of recommending agency

A
  • provide expertise in area of knowledge
  • NO LEGAL AUTHORITY
  • recommend on:
    Correct handling, usage practices

e.g. Canadian standard association (CSA),
International organization for standardization (ISO)

56
Q

What is included on the cylinder

A
  1. construction
  2. markings
  3. safety features
  4. cylinder testing
  5. demurrage
  6. disposal/destruction
  7. capacity and size
  8. duration and content
57
Q

How is cylinder constructed?

A
  • seamless (smooth) high quality steel, aluminum STAMPED or spun into shape
58
Q

What are different types of seamless cylinder?

A

Type 3AA - heat treated, high strength steel (common)
3A - no heat, high carbon steel
3AL - seamless aluminum alloy (common)
CR-MO - chrome molybdenum

59
Q

What are the markings?

A

regulating agency - construction - service pressure

On the left

  • manufacture mark
  • ownership mark
  • series number

on the right

  • original hydostatic test date
  • retest dates
  • inspector marks
60
Q

What are the safety features?

A
  1. color coding of the shoulder
  2. labeling
  3. safety (high pressure ) relief valve in case of increasing in temperature
  4. indexed inlet /outlet
61
Q

What are 4 types of label?

A
  1. barcode (similar to markings)
  2. hazard (warning , precaution)
  3. WHMIS
  4. Tag (full/in use/empty) , purity
62
Q

If the label is missing, destroyed or llegible–> should i use it?

A

NO

63
Q

Function of pressure relief

A
  • opens should pressure or temperature builds up inside the cylinder
  • set 1.5 times the maximum service pressure of the cylinder
  • non-sealable
64
Q

What type of gas cylinder has relief valve?

A

**ALL MEDICAL GAs

Not for poisonous gas

65
Q

What are 2 different types of relief valve?

A
  1. frangible disc

2. fuisble plug

66
Q

What is the purpose of indexed outlet/inlet?

A

prevent wrong connection between equipment to gas supplies

67
Q

How many types of indexed outlet/inlet?

A

2,

  1. PISS (pin, indexed, safety system) –> smaller cylinder , D/E sizes
    - -> valve stem has pin hole, regulator have pin
    - -> 6 different location –> 10 combination
  2. American standards indexing (ASI) –> large cylinders H?K
    - ->threaded valve for threaded regulator to attach
    - -> medical gas has right thread “righty tighty, lefty loosey”
68
Q

What are the PISS for o2, n2o and C/A

A

O2 : 2, 5
N2O: 3, 5
C/A: 1, 5

69
Q

What does cylinder testing composed of?

A
  • leaks
  • buldging
  • internal/external corrosion
  • pittings (localize corrosion that leave small indent)
70
Q

What are some test of the cylinder?

A
  1. corrosion/pittings
    - ->visual inspection
  2. Hammer test /deadring
    - clear cylinder sound (ok), dull ( corrosion)
  3. hydrostatic test
    - measurement of expansion
    - measurement of water displacement after fillng with 5/3 of original pressure
    - -> 3aa, 3a –> test every 10 years
    - -> 3 al–> every 5 years
71
Q

What is involved in the disposal and destruction of cylinder?

A
  • discharge content slowly
  • cut up steel
  • Noixous GAS*** –> perforate it from far or bury it
72
Q

What are some handling procedures?

A

Dont use

  • use oil or petrolum product
  • if tag is missing

Do

  • leave them secure
  • cracking to remove dust EXCEPT H2, cyclopropane, ethylene and CO
73
Q

O2 cylinder sizes and factors?

A

O2

1 FULL o2 cylinder –> 2200psi

D size : 359 L , 0.16L/psi
E: 622 L, 0.28L/psi
H: 6900 L , 3.14L/psi
STATE: Gas

74
Q

Heliox (80/20) cylinder sizes and factors?

A

1 FUll heliox –> 2000psi

D: 310 L, 0.14
E: 510 L, 0.26
H: 5590L, 2.5
State:Gas

75
Q

N2o size and factors?

A

1 Full n2o = 745 psi

D: 940L
E: 1590L
H: 15800L

STATE: LIQUID

76
Q

equation for durations of flow

A

duration = content/flow

IF cylinder isn’t full to begin with, use conversion factor = k

duration (with safety margin build in) = k x (gauge pressure - 500 psi) / flow

77
Q

liquid O2 and N2o conversion to gaseous?

A 
1LLO2 = 862 GL 
1LLO2 = 2.5lbs 
1LLN2O = 669GL 
1LLN2O = 2.2lbs

Michener (15 decks)

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