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Michener > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a zygote?

A

ovum + sperm

diploid cell (23 + 23 chromosome)

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2
Q

Prenatal defintion

A

before birth

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3
Q

postnatal defintion

A

after birth

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4
Q

Where does embryo arise from

A
  • arises from inner cell mass

- term is used from 2nd week to end of the 8th week

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5
Q

Definition of fetus

A

after 8 week of fertilization, a developing human

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6
Q

Definition of embryonic induction

A

one tissue (inducer, organizer) determine the fate of another tissue

Must be close enough to other tissue

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7
Q

What are example of embryonic induction

A

notochord –> neural tube

optic vesicle –> development of eye

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8
Q

What covers ovum?

A

Zona pellucida - transparent membrane

Corona radiata -
layer of follicular cells

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9
Q

What are produced after the 2 meiosis of egg?

A

3 polar bodies ( not viable for fertilization)

1 viable gamete

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10
Q

What does ejaculated sperm undergo?

A

capacitation

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11
Q

What is capacitation?

A

removal of glycoprotein and seminal protein coat

By female secretion

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12
Q

Where does capacitation occur?

A

uterus, uterine tube

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13
Q

What is acrosomal reaction?

A

development of perforation in acrosome

release of enzyme of the perforation–> dissociation of corona radiata zona pellucida

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14
Q

What is effect of acrosomal reaction?

A
  • changes in the CR and ZP prevent other sperm from entering

- completion of 2nd meiotic division

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15
Q

What is the result of fusion of pronuclei?

A

nuclei of egg and sperm meet each other and the fuse

–> restoration of diploid cell

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16
Q

Site for fertilization?

A

ampulla of uterine tube

17
Q

What is cleavage?

A

mitosis of the diploid zygote

18
Q

what does the mitosis produce

A

a morula - a ball of cells (blastomere)

19
Q

Does the size of the zygote change after mitosis?

A

no, it stays the same but many small blastomere

20
Q

When and where does morula occur?

A

3-4 days after fertilization, at the intramural of uterine tube

21
Q

What does morula develop into?

A

a blastocyte, and then divide into 2 masses as fluid increases

  1. Trophoblast (outer cell layer)
  2. Inner cell mass (embryoblast)
22
Q

what is the function of placenta?

A
  • anchor the developing offspring
  • channel for exchange of nutrient and waste
  • secretes estrogen and progesterone
23
Q

What does inner cell mass develop into

A
  • epiblast –> amniotic fluid (fluid filled)

- hypoblast –> yolk sac (blood cell production)

24
Q

What is the embryonic disc composed of?

A
  1. epiblast-floor of the amniotic cavity

2. hypoblast- roof of the yolk sac

25
Q

When does bilaminar embryo occur?

A

week 2 of fertilization

26
Q

When does trilaminar embyro occur?

A

week 3 of fertilization

27
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

the transition from bilaminar to trilaminar embyro

28
Q

What is trilaminar embyro consist off?

A

aka primary germ layers

  1. ectoderm
  2. mesoderm
  3. endoderm
29
Q

What tissue does ectoderm develop into

A
  • CNS/PNS
  • posterior pituitary
  • epidermis: skin, eyes , nails
30
Q

What tissue does mesoderm develop into

A
  • connective tissue (cartilage, bone , tendons, ligaments muscle)
  • epithelium of the vascular system
  • heart, circulation system
  • internal sex organ
31
Q

What tissue does endoderm develop into

A
  • epithelium:

thyroid, thymus , larynx, trachea, lungs, Gi tract, bladder, vagina, uretha

32
Q

What are the 4 basic tissue of the human body?

A

1) Epithelium - covering/lining/glandular
2) connective - connecting, supporting
3) muscle - movement
4) nervous - transmission of impulses

33
Q

Characteristics of epithelium ?

A
  • cells organized into sheet to cover area of body
  • cell appearance is associated with their function
  • rest on basement membrane
34
Q

How is epithelium classified?

A
  • arrangement
  • shape
  • surface specialization
35
Q

How are the types of cell arrangement?

A
  • Simple - 1 layer
  • stratified - more than 1 layer
  • pseudostratified - 1 layer but seems more than 1 layer because of the height
36
Q

What are the shapes of cell?

A

squamous : flat, plate-like
cuboidal: w and l are the same
columnar : height > width , tall and thin

37
Q

What are the specialization of cell

A
  • Cilia: they beat to facilitate movement (dirt, mucous in resp. tract)
  • microvilli: increase the surface area for nutrient absorption (GI tract)
38
Q

What form glands?

A

epithelial cell

39
Q

What are 2 types of glands

A

exocrine- discharges hormone via duct

endocrine - discharges secretion directly into bloodstream

Michener (15 decks)

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