Routes of Admin

Question 1

Systemic Drug Admin DEf.

Answer 1

Drug site of action is different from site of administration. During transport throughout body all intermediate tissues are exposed

Question 2

Local Drug Admin Def.

Answer 2

Drug acts on site of application

Question 3

Site Specific Drug Admin

Answer 3

Can be systemic or local. Drug can only act in specific site conditions eg binding to an antigen/experiencing a specific pH

Question 4

Fastest form of drug admin

Answer 4

Intravenous. Bypass absorption process

Question 5

Slowest form of drug admin

Answer 5

Cutaneous (transdermal)

Question 6

Enteral Delivery Def.

Answer 6

(oral cavity to rectum, osophogeus, stomach, small intestine, colon) – administration through the alimentary canal

Question 7

Where drugs are usually absorbed in the digestive system

Answer 7

duodenum

Question 8

Why is it difficult to send a drug through alimentary canal

Answer 8

different pHs in stomach and small intestine, pepsin in stomach, liver detoxifies system (may destroy drug on 1st round)

Question 9

Processes that may aid your drug in alimentary canal

Answer 9

Emulsification

Question 10

Why drug effects may vary in patients

Answer 10

Natural fluid volume in stomach, amount of water taken with tablet, if food (quantity, time) was consumed before ingestion

Question 11

Oral Delivery Def.

Answer 11

Swallowing. Most common form of administration. Mainly for systemic effect

Question 12

Enteric Coating Def.

Answer 12

Coating on tablets to prevent break down in stomach

Question 13

Most frequent route of admin for systemic effect

Answer 13

Oral Delivery

Question 14

Dosage forms used in oral delivery

Answer 14

tablet, capsule, liquid and granule

Question 15

Oral Delivery Advantages

Answer 15

Easily removed in case of overdosing (stomach pump) and no equipment (less effort)

Question 16

Oral Delivery Disadvantages

Answer 16

Slow onset action, irregular (peaks + troughs) absorption, drug destruction in digestive track and side effects (nausea, vomiting, ect.)

Question 17

Oral Cavity Delivery

Answer 17

Mouth

Question 18

Oral Cavity Regional Delivery

Answer 18

Oral mucosa, periodontal (teeth) delivery

Question 19

Oral Cavity Systemic Delivery

Answer 19

sub-lingual or buccal

Question 20

Oral cavity Forms of Admin

Answer 20

Minitablets, sprays, mouthwashes, mouth strips, creams, gels, lozenges and pastes

Question 21

Oral Cavity Advantages

Answer 21

Accessible, rapid absorption, low metabolism

Question 22

Oral Cavity Disadvantages

Answer 22

Low retention, bad taste (low patient compliance), low permeability

Question 23

Rectal Delivery Outline

Answer 23

Delivery of drug to last 12cm of GI tract. Works locally or systemically

Question 24

Rectal Delivery Forms of Admin

Answer 24

Enemas (liquid), ointments and suppositories (semi-solids)

Question 25

2 Different Functions of Enema

Answer 25

Ejection (constipation cure) and retention (vasoconstriction)

Question 25

Suppository Outline

Answer 25

Meltable semi-solids (eg coco-butter). Non-uniform shape. Thin at top (easy entry) wide at bottom (good retention)

Question 26

Rectal Delivery Disadvantages

Answer 26

Slow, erratic (peaks + troughs) absorption and low patient acceptability (social discomfort)

Question 27

Rectal Delivery Advantages

Answer 27

Avoids 1st pass metabolism (last 6cm don’t drain to hepatic portal vein), can admin treatment to unstable patients (eg convulsing), avoids GI irritation

Question 28

Parenteral Delivery

Answer 28

Admin outside the intestines usually by injection. Most commonly by Intravascular, subcutaneous and intramuscular. Used when drugs are susceptible to pre-systemic degradation and has poor absorption

Question 29

Parenteral Delivery Advantages

Answer 29

Direct to circulation (avoid 1st pass), rapid, complete + controlled absorption, small dose size

Question 30

Parenteral Delivery Disadvantages

Answer 30

Patients incapable of admin independently, excess drug isn’t easily removed (charcoal bed distally), must be kept sterile (difficult if multidose)

Question 31

Specialised Parenteral Routes

Answer 31

Intrathecal (spine), Intradermal, Intraarticular (joint), intraarterial (into an artery) and intraperitoneal (membrane in abdominal cavity)

Question 32

Injectable Dosage Forms

Answer 32

liquid and implants

Question 33

IV Admin Locations

Answer 33

Small peripheral (not in chest/abdomen) veins for short term. Larger central vein for long term. Veins in systemic circulation for rapid- onset action

Question 34

IV Particle Size Limit

Answer 34

5 micro-meters

Question 35

IV Advantages

Answer 35

Allows fine tuning in admin

Question 36

IV Disadvantages

Answer 36

Phlebitis (inflammation of blood vessels), Hemolysis (erythrocyte break down) and extravasation (blood leaking out of blood vessels), technically difficult and air can obstruct blood flow

Question 37

IM Advantages

Answer 37

Easier to admin, 5ml max volume

Question 38

IM 3 Injection Sites

Answer 38

Deltoid (upper arm), Ventus Lateralis (thigh) and gluteal muscle

Question 39

SC Admin Sites

Answer 39

Upper arm, thigh and abdomen. Under skin in adipose between dermis and muscle

Question 40

SC Advantages

Answer 40

Easier to admin after IV and IM. Controlled release

Question 41

IV push (>50ml) outline

Answer 41

less then 5 minutes

Question 42

Intermittent (50-200 ml) Diffusion

Answer 42

20-60 mins

Question 43

Continuos (250-1000ml) Infusion

Answer 43

8-24 hrs

Question 44

Potency Def

Answer 44

Amount of drug required to produced desired effect. Sometimes limits choice of admin route

Question 45

Efficacy Def

Answer 45

Maximal effect of given drug. Can require careful control of dose in body