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Pharmaceutics > Dosage Forms > Flashcards

Dosage Forms Flashcards

1
Q

Ideal Dosage Form Examples

A

1 dose is a manageable size, stable, convenient, release to receptors in timely fashion and palatable

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2
Q

Tablet Def.

A

Solid dosage form containing medicinal substances with/without suitable diluents. Drugs are mixed with other constituents and crushed

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3
Q

Tablet Routes

A

Oral, buccal, sublingual and vaginal

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4
Q

Tablet Physical Form

A

Solid suspension and solid solutions

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5
Q

How course dispersion is controlled

A

intermolecular bonds in powder

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6
Q

Why are tablets so inflexible in dosing

A

Drug isn’t evenly distributed in tablet

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7
Q

Absorption In Oral Cavities

A

rapid disintegration (sublingual), prolonged release (buccal tablet) and multidirectional (buccal)

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8
Q

Why is masking tablet taste important

A

Improving patient acceptance. Use synthetic sweeteners as they are more effective.

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9
Q

What does the coating on a tablet do

A

mask taste and avoid degradation

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10
Q

Max. tablet size for adults

A

500mg

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11
Q

How are tablets retained in mouth

A

Mucoadhesive and Bio-adhesive

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12
Q

Bio-adhesive Function

A

Adhesive binds to cell

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13
Q

Who can not take tablets

A

Children (don’t have strong swallow reflex) and Elderly (swallow reflex, struggle with packaging)

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14
Q

Capsule Def.

A

Solid dosage form consisting of hard/soft shell (gelatin/starch/cellulose) and solid/liquid filling

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15
Q

Capsule Routes

A

Oral, buccal

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16
Q

Capsule Physical Form

A

Solid suspensions/ solutions in shell

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17
Q

How Capsule Shells Effect Dosage Form

A

Mask taste and time lags (longer to dissolve)

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18
Q

Why can’t drug capsules be opened

A

Pharmacological factors have would be altered. Unsafe as new properties weren’t studied

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19
Q

Oral Liquid Dosage Form Def.

A

Fluid dosage form intended for delivery via oral route. Only route is oral

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20
Q

Oral Liquid Dosage Form Physical

A

Liquid, solutions, suspensions, emulsions

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21
Q

Oral Liquid Dosage Form Advantages Over Tablets

A

faster absorption, flexible to dose adjustment and suitable for the elderly

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22
Q

Oral Liquid Dosage Forms Disadvantages To Tablets

A

Less stable (transported as a powder), less palatible (no coating)

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23
Q

Injection Def.

A

Sterile preparation for parenteral (solution, emulsion, suspension or colloidal dispersion)

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24
Q

Injection Routes

A

IV, SC, IM, IU, ID, IA, IP

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25
Q

Pyrogen Def.

A

Matter of dead bacteria

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26
Q

What route of injection can’t use suspensions

A

IV

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27
Q

Injection Benefits

A

Immediate action with susutained release, release can be prolonged depending on dosage form makeup (suspensipon/ oily sol.) /type of admin

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28
Q

Injection Disadvantages

A

Must be kept sterile (expensive, laborous, patient inability), mixing/ dilution causes precipitation, devices are vital

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29
Q

Patch Def.

A

Adhesive (stronger then plaster) applied externally to body. Ingredients move by diffusion/active transport. Both local and systemic

30
Q

Patch Admin Route

A

Transdermal, needs excipient penetration inhancers. Develops a reservoir on skin. Area covered by patch is proportional to amount of drug administerd at time

31
Q

Patch Physical Form

A

Non-aqueous solutions/suspensions

32
Q

Patch Benefits

A

Easy to terminate, contains excess drug to ensure uniform dose, easy to admin

33
Q

Patch Disadvantages

A

Can be easily incorrectly stored/ thrown out, can be irritant

34
Q

Drops Def.

A

Solution that is administered in spherical shape. Must be below a certain size as surface tension creates drops of a size that would irritate the eye

35
Q

Surphantics Function

A

Excipient that reduces effect of surface tension. Allowing for smaller sized drops to be formed (less irritation)

36
Q

Drops Admin Route

A

Nasal, ocular, otic (in ear)

37
Q

Drops Physical Form

A

Solutions and Suspensions

38
Q

Drops Dosage form considerations

A

Isotonic, pH 4.5-8, <10 micro-litres, sterile (preservatives for multidose), frequent dosing necessary

39
Q

What happens when drop irritates eye

A

Resulting blink removes 90% of dosage form from eye through the nasal-mactraml duct (tasted at back of throat)

40
Q

What is an innovation from eye drops

A

Solution is removed from container. Once it makes contact with eye solution forms gel

41
Q

Spray Def.

A

Gas converted to liquid droplets through orifice (eg squeeze bottles). Droplets are big so they don’t enter lungs

42
Q

Spray Routes

A

Nasal, Pulmonary, Otic, Sublingual, Throat

43
Q

Spray Physical Form

A

Solutions and suspensions

44
Q

3 Forms of Spray Admin

A

Squeeze bottle, rhinal tube (patient’s exhalation produces force), metered dose device (propellent provides force)

45
Q

Nasal Pharmaceutics Dosage Form Considerations

A

Isotonic, preserved, droplets size is less then 10 micro-meter

46
Q

Suppository Def.

A

Solid body of various weights and shapes (thin top for easy insert and thick bottom for good retention).

47
Q

Suppository Routes of Admin

A

Rectal, Urinal, Vaginal

48
Q

Aerosol Def.

A

Fine solid/liquid dispersed particles in air/gas

49
Q

Aerosol Routes of Admin

A

Oral cavity, pulmonary, nasal

50
Q

Aerosol Physical Form

A

Solutions, colloidal dispersion, suspension

51
Q

Dosage Form Considerations

A

Device used to admin (powder inhaler, meter dose inhaler, nebulisation (aqueous suspensions). Droplet size. Needs to be big enough to deposit on lungs but samll enough to not be caught in bronchioles

52
Q

Multi Dose Inhaler Meachanisms

A

Canistar has high pressure vapour. Propellent forms liquid. Once acctuater is pushed gas pulls liquid out of orafice dispersing fine droplets in air. fine droplets tend to move together to form a bigger droplet (decraesing surface area exposed to air)

53
Q

Ointment Def.

A

Semisolid. Contains water, volatiles and hydrocarbons, waxes or polyols as vehicle.

54
Q

Ointment Admin Routes

A

Topical, ocular, transdermal, nasal, rectal, oral cavity and vaginal

55
Q

Ointment Considerations

A

Greater drug retention then creams, hydrocarbon based, occlusive (keeps water on skin) and emollient (moisturizing)

56
Q

Cream Def.

A

Emulsion, semi-solid. Contains water, volatiles and hydrocarbons, waxes or polyols as vehicles

57
Q

Cream Admin

A

Topical, transdermal, occular, nasal, rectal, vaginal and oral cavity

58
Q

Cream Physical

A

Emulsion

59
Q

Cream consideration

A

better patient compliance then ointment, emusifier excipients, low occlusive (water in cream evaporates, reduced using non-volatile solvents) and sensitive to physical instability

60
Q

Gel Def.

A

Semisolid. Liquid dispersion with stiffening gelling agents. May contain suspended particles

61
Q

Gel Admin

A

Topical, ocular, transdermal, nasal, rectal, vaginal, oral caity and parenteral

62
Q

Gel Physical

A

Colloidal Dispersion

63
Q

Gel considerations

A

Gelling agent excipient, preservation required for physical stability and non-occlusive

64
Q

Solution/molecular dispersion Def.

A

Substances mixing on the molecular level. All 1 phase (even particle distribution). Transparent and thermodynamically stable. Smallest particle size

65
Q

Colloid/fine dispersion Def

A

Macromolecules forming bonds with water (too big to be solution) or micromolecules suspended in solution (too small to be suspension). Can scatter lights of certain wavelengths

66
Q

Suspension/Coarse Dispersion Def.

A

Solid particles disperesed in water, no molecular bonds. Heterogenous. Scatters light and is not thermodynamically stable. Eg emulsion

67
Q

Dosage Form Design Influences

A

Water solubility + dissolution, lipophilicity, molecular weight, Organoplectic (how it acts on organs) properties, stability, target receptor location, SElectivity and Processing/ manufacturing requirements

68
Q

Steps In Drug Reaching Active Site

A

Admin, liberation, absorption, distribution and elimination

69
Q

What is the only form drugs can be absorbed in (and thus all processes after)

A

They have to be in solution

70
Q

Absorption Def

A

Diffusion of drug across epithelial barrier into blood stream

71
Q

2 Ways of Absorption

A

Paracellular (between cells) and Transcellular (through cell)

Pharmaceutics (13 decks)

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