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Parasitology > Roundworms > Flashcards

Roundworms Flashcards

1
Q

General morphology

A
  • 1 mm-1 m
  • Elongate, cylindrical, tapering at both ends
  • Surface of transparent cuticle chitin
  • Tubular digestive tract from mouth and buccal cavity, through oesophagus and intestine (built up of a single layer of cells) to the anus (in females) or cloaca.
  • Males: usually smaller, with tesis, leding to vas deferens then to ejaculatory duct and cloaca, accessory copulatory structures at tail end: chitinous spicules (usually paired) and caudal alae/copulatory bursa
  • Female: usually paired ovaries, oviduct, paired uteri, vagina opening by vulva
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2
Q

Heterakis

  1. Species and hosts
  2. Morphology
  3. Predilection site
  4. Life cycle
  5. Clinical signs
  6. Examination method
  7. Necropsy findings
A
  1. Species and hosts
    -H.gallinarum: domestic and guinea fowl, turkeys, pigeon, pheasant
    -H.dispar: duck, goose
    -H.isolonche: pheasant, wild birds
  2. Morphology: 0.7-1,5cm long, white
  3. Predilection site: caecum, occ. LI+SI
  4. Life cycle: direct
  5. Clinical signs: not specific, heavy inf.: diarrhea, unthriftiness
  6. Faecal examination:
    • Detection of eggs (65-80μm size, ellipsoidal, thick, parallel sided smooth-shell w. zygote) - flotation method
    • eggs similar to A. galli, but smaller (<80 μm) and different in shape
  7. Necroscopy findings: in heavy infections haemorrhages and thickening of the caecal mucosa, verrucous typhlitis with nodules
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3
Q

Strongylidiosis

  1. Species and hosts
  2. Morphology
  3. Predilection site
  4. Life cycle
  5. Clinical signs:
  6. Examination method
  7. Necropsy findings
A
  1. Species and hosts: equines
    •Large strongyles: Strongylus vulgaris, S.equinus, S.edentatus
    •Small strongyles (‘cyathostomes’): e.g. Cyathostomum,
    Triodontophorus, Cylicocyclus spp.
  2. Morphology:
    •Large strongyles: 2.5-5 cm long, greyish-red, developed large buccal capsule in its base w. 2 (S.v.) or 4 (S.eq.) or no (S.ed.) tooth-like projections
    • small strongyles: 0.5-2 cm in length, white to dark red, smaller, ring shaped buccal capsule
  3. Predilection site of adults: caecum and colon
  4. Life cycle: direct
  5. Clinical signs: inapparent, rarely diarrhoea, unthriftiness, anaemia etc.
  6. Examination method:
    • detection of „strongyle-type” eggs (70-90 μm long, oval, thin-shelled, 8-16 cell stage) - flotation method
    • species id. by specialized lab. on morphology of L3 obtained from faecal culture
  7. Necroscopy findings: adults of large/small strongyles in caecum/colon
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4
Q

Oesophagostomum

  1. Species and hosts
  2. Morphology
  3. Predilection site
  4. Life cycle
  5. Clinical signs
  6. Examination method
  7. Necropsy findings
A

Nodular worm
1. Species and hosts:
-Oe.dentatum+O.quadrispinulatum: pig, wild board
-Oe.radiatum: cattle, buffalo, wild large Ru
-Oe.venulosum: sheep, goat, wild small+large Ru
-Oe.colombianum: sheep, goat
2. Morphology: 1.2-5cm, white, thin, tapered head, shallow buccal capsule, filariform but wide cuticular cephalic vesicle at ant. end
3. Predilection site: caecum, colon
4. Life cycle: direct
5. Clinical signs: not common and typical (fever, inappetence, diarrhea, emaciation, anaemia, edema)
6. Exam. method: detection of “strongyle-type” eggs (70-80um, spherical, thin-shelled, morula) w. flotation
• Pig: eggs not disting. from Hyostrongylus rubidus eggs - fecal culture needed to diff. L3
• Ru: eggs not disting. from GI-nematodes
7. Necropsy findings:
• pig: necrotic-diphteroid or hemorrhagic enteritis
• Ru: cattharal colitis, chronic cases: oedema, anaemia, yellowish-green or >2cm long brownish-red purulent nodules (Ø nodules in Oe.venulosum)

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5
Q

Oxyuriosis

  1. Species and hosts
  2. Morphology
  3. Predilection site
  4. Life cycle
  5. Clinical signs
  6. Examination method
  7. Necropsy findings
A

Pinworm

  1. Species and hosts: horse + donkey
    - Oxyuris equi: common pinworm
    - Probstmayria vivipara: minute pinworm
  2. Morphology:
    - O. equi: female 4-15cm/male 1-2cm, gray-white, gradual tapering towards tail, long and pointed tail
    - P.vivipara: 0.2-0.3cm, long and filamentous tail
  3. Predilection site: caecum, colon, rectum
  4. Life cycle: direct
  5. Clinical signs: perineal irritation, intense itching around anus, scaling of skin (“rat-tail”),
    - grayish-yellow, gelatinous/dried scale-like masses of eggs around perineal skin
    - female worms may be seen in fresh feces
  6. Exam. method: rarely found on routine fecal flotation (40x90um, ovoid, yellow, asymmetrical, thick-shelled, operculated, morula)
  7. Necropsy findings: O.equi adults in colon/rectum
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6
Q

Trichuriosis

  1. Species and hosts
  2. Morphology
  3. Predilection site
  4. Life cycle
  5. Clinical signs
  6. Examination method
  7. Necropsy findings
A

Whipworm

  1. Species and hosts
    - T.vulpis: dog/fox, cat
    - T.suis: pig
    - T.ovis, T.globulosa, T.discolor, T.skrjabini: Ru
    - T.leporis: rabbit, hare
  2. Morphology: 3-8cm, white, ant.part tapered, post. part broad, female tail curved - male coiled
  3. Predilection site: caecum, colon
  4. Life cycle: direct
  5. Clinical signs: light inf. sympt., heavy inf. diarrhea, emaciation, anaemia, inappetence
  6. Exam. method: detection of eggs (40-80um, lemon-shaped, thick-shelled, operculated on both sides, yellowish-brown, with zygote - flotation method
  7. Necropsy findings: catarrhal-hemorrhagic typhlitis and colitis, hemorrhagic w. ulceration and formation of cropous-diphteric COLITIS
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7
Q

Flotation method

A
  • Hyostrongylus rubidus - pig GI worm
  • Amidostomum - goose gizzard worm
  • Trichostrongylydiosis
  • Ancylostoma, Uncinaria - Ca hookworm
  • Bunostomum - Ru hookworm
  • Strongyloides - dwarf worms
  • Parascaris equorum
  • Ascaris suum
  • Ascaridia
  • Toxocara, Toxoscaris
  • Heterakis
  • Strongylidiosis (adults only)
  • Oesophagostomum
  • Trichuriosis
  • Syngamus trachea
  • Metastrongylus - Pig lungworm
  • Dictyocaulus arnfieldi
  • Capillaria aerophila
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8
Q

Baermann technique

A
  • Dictyocaulus viviparus + arnfieldi
  • Crenosoma - Canine lungworm
  • Angiostrongylus - Car lungworm
  • Aelurostrongylus - Fe lungworm
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9
Q

No fecal examination possible

A
  • Strongylosis (Ø eggs, but transrectal US or X-ray)
  • Cyathostomes (Ø eggs, but transrectal US or X-ray)
  • Oxyuris (rarely w. flotation)
  • Osleris, Filaroides (less reliable, but endoscopy of trachea)
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10
Q

Has paratenic host

A
  • Syngamus (earthworms, slugs, snails, beetles)

- Capillaria (earthworms)

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11
Q

Has intermediate host

A
  • Metastrongylus (earthworms)
  • Oslerus rostratus (snails, slugs)
  • Crenosoma (molluscs)
  • Angiostrongylus (snails, slugs)
  • Aelurostrongylus (snails, slugs)
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12
Q

Host: Ru

a) Cattle
b) Sheep, goat
c) Deer

A
  • Strongyloides papillosus: SI
  • Toxocara vitulorum: cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat - SI
  • Trichuris - whipworm: T.ovis, T,globulosa, T.discolor, T.skrjabini - caecum and colon
    a) CATTLE:
  • Trichostrongylid:
    • Abomasum: Haemonchus placei, Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei
    • SI: Cooperia punctata, C.oncophora, Nematodirus helvetianus
  • Bunostomum phlebotomum: SI
  • Oesophagostomum radiatum: LI, ileum (+ buffalo, wild large Ru)
  • Dictyocaulus viviparus (+deer, buffalo, camel): trachea+bronchi
    b) Sheep, goat:
  • Trichostrongylid:
    • Abomasum: H. contortus, Teladorsagia circumcinta, Tr.axei
    • SI: Tr.colubriformis, C.oncophora, C.curticei, N. filicollis, N.spathiger, N.battus
  • Bunostomum phlebotomum: SI (+wild Ru)
  • Oe. venulosum (+wild small+large Ru), Oe. colombianum: LI, ileum
  • Dictyocaulus filaria: trachea+bronchi
    c) Deer:
  • Dictyocaulus viviparus , D. filaria, D. eckerti: trachea+bronchi
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13
Q

Host: Equine

A
  • Trichostrongylus axei: horse+donkey - stomach
  • Strongyloides westeri - thred worms: horse, donkey - SI
  • Parascaris equorum: horse, donkey - SI
  • Strongylidiosis: Adults, colon, caecum
    •Large strongyles: Strongylus vulgaris, S.equinus, S.edentatus
    •Small strongyles (‘cyathostomes’): e.g. Cyathostomum,
    Triodontophorus, Cylicocyclus spp.
  • Strongylosis: Larvea, colon, caecum, other
    • S. vulgaris larvae: caecum, colon, A. mesenterica cranialis
    • S. equinus larvae: colon, abd. cavity, liver, pancreas
    • S. edentatus larvae: colon mucosa, V.portae, liver, subperitoneal haemorrhages
  • Oxyuris equi, Probstmayria vivipara - pinworm: Horse, donkey - LI
  • Dictyocaulus arnfieldi: trachea+bronchi
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14
Q

Host: pig

A
  • Hyostrongylus rubidus - red stomach worm
  • Strongyloides ransomi - thred worms: SI
  • Ascaris suum: pig, wild boar - SI
  • Oesophagostomum dentatum, Oe. quadrispinulatum - nodular worm - caecum, colon
  • Trichuris suis - whipworm - caecum, colon
  • Metastrongylus apri, M. pudendotectus, M. salmi: pig - lungworm
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15
Q

Host: Carnivores

a) Dog
b) Cat

A
  • Ancyclostoma braziliense: dogs, cats in tropics - SI
  • Uncinaria stenocephala: dogs, cats, wild - SI
  • Strongyloides stercoralis - thred worms: dog, fox, cat - SI
  • Toxascaris leonina: dog, fox, cat - SI
  • Trichuris vulpis - whipworm (fox, dog, cat) - caecum, colon
  • Capillaria aerophila (fox, dog, cat) - lungworm
  • Angiostrongylus vasorum (fox, dog, cat) - lungworm
    a) Dogs:
  • Ancyclostoma caninum: SI
  • Toxocara canis: SI
  • Oslerus osleri dog, wild canids, Filaroides milksi, F. hirthi - lungworm
  • Crenosoma vulpis - lungworm
    b) Cat:
  • A. tubaeforme: SI
  • T. cati - SI
  • Oslerus rostratus - lungworm
  • Aelurostrongylus abstrusus - lungworm
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16
Q

Host: rabbit and hare

A
  • Trichuris leporis - whipworm
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17
Q

Host: birds (and which birds?)

A
  • Heterakis: caecum, occ. S+LI
    H.gallinarum: domestic and guinea fowls, turkey, pigeon, pheasant
    H.dispar: duck, goose
    H.isolonche: pheasant, wild birds
  • Syngamus trachea: domestic and guinea fowls, esp. chicks (<2-3m.), turkey, pheasant, patridge
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18
Q

Parasites found in stomach

A
  • Hyostrongylus - pig
  • Amidostomosis - gizzard of goose
  • Trichostrongylus:
    • Abomasum of cattle: H.placei, O.ostertagi, Tr.axei (stomach of horse+donkey too)
    • Abomasum of sheep+goat: H.contortus, Teladorsagia circumcinta, Tr.axei
  • Ostertagia/Teladosargia
  • Cooperia
  • Nematoderus
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19
Q

Parasites found in small intestines

A
  • Trichostrongylus:
    • Cattle: C. punctata, C.oncophora, N.helvetianus
    • Sheep+goat: Tr.colubriformis, C.oncophora, C.curticei, N. filicollis, N.spathiger, N.battus
  • Ancyclostoma caninum: dogs, wild
  • A. tubaeforme: cats, wild
  • A.braziliense: dogs, cats in tropics
  • Uncinaria stenocephala: dogs, cats, wild
  • Bunostomum phlebotomum: cattle
  • B.trigonocephalum: sheep, goat, wild Ru
  • Strongyloides - thred worms:
    • pig: S. ransomi
    • Ru, rabbit: S. papillosus
    • horse, donkey: S. westeri
    • dog, fox, cat: S.stercoralis, man (distinct strain of S.stercoralis)
  • Parascaris equorum: horse, donkey
  • Toxocara vitulorum: cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat
  • Toxocara canis, T. cati, Toxascaris leonina (dog, fox, cat)
  • Ascaris suum: pig, wild boar
    (- Ascaridia galli, A. columbae, A. dissimilis: birds intestines)
    (Heterakis gallinarum, H. dispar, H. isolonche: birds occasionally, mainly caecum)
  • Oesophagostomum: ileum (+ LI)
    • Oe. radiatum: cattle, buffalo, wild large Ru
    • Oe. venulosum: sheep, goat, wild small+large Ru
    • Oe. columbianum: sheep, goat
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20
Q

Parasites found in caecum

A
  • Heterakis gallinarum, H. dispar, H. isolonche (+occ. S+LI)
  • Strongylidiosis: Equine
    •Large strongyles: Strongylus vulgaris, S.equinus, S.edentatus
    •Small strongyles (‘cyathostomes’): e.g. Cyathostomum,
    Triodontophorus, Cylicocyclus spp.
  • Strongylosis: Larvea, Equine
    • S. vulgaris larvae: submucosa and wall of caecum and colon, A. mesenterica cranialis
  • Oesophagostomum
    • Oe. dentatum, Oe. quadrispinulatum: pig, wild boar
    • Oe. radiatum: cattle, buffalo, wild large Ru
    • Oe. venulosum: sheep, goat, wild small+large Ru
    • Oe. columbianum: sheep, goat
  • Oxyuris equi, Probstmayria vivipara: Horse, donkey
  • Trichuris - whipworm
    • T. vulpis: dog/fox, cat
    • T. suis: pig
    • T. ovis, T. globulosa, T. discolor, T. skrjabini: Ru
    • T. leporis: rabbit, hare
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21
Q

Parasites found in colon

A
  • Strongylidiosis: Adults, Equine
    •Large strongyles: Strongylus vulgaris, S.equinus, S.edentatus
    •Small strongyles (‘cyathostomes’): e.g. Cyathostomum,
    Triodontophorus, Cylicocyclus spp.
  • Strongylosis: Larvea, Equine
    • S. vulgaris: submucosa and wall of caecum and colon, A. mesenterica cranialis
    • S. equinus: subserosa of colon, abd. cavity, liver, pancreas
    • S. edentatus: colon mucosa, vena portae, liver, subperitoneal haemorrhages
  • Oesophagostomum - nodular worm
    • Oe. dentatum, Oe. quadrispinulatum: pig, wild boar
    • Oe. radiatum: cattle, buffalo, wild large Ru
    • Oe. venulosum: sheep, goat, wild small+large Ru
    • Oe. columbianum: sheep, goat
  • Oxyuris equi, Probstmayria vivipara: Horse, donkey
  • Trichuris - whipworm
    • T. vulpis: dog/fox, cat
    • T. suis: pig
    • T. ovis, T. globulosa, T. discolor, T. skrjabini: Ru
    • T. leporis: rabbit, hare
22
Q

Parasites found in liver

A

• Strongylosis equinus larvae, S. edentatus larvae

23
Q

Parasites found in trachea

A
  • Syngamus trachea - gapeworm: birds
  • Dictyocaulus
    • cattle, deer, buffalo, camel (D. viviparus)
    • sheep, goat, moufflon, other wild small Ru (D. filaria)
    • fallow deer (D. eckerti)
    • horse, donkey (D. arnfieldi)
  • Oslerus osleri: canines
  • Capillaria aerophila: fox, dog, cat
  • Crenosoma vulpis: fox, dog
24
Q

Parasites found in bronchi/bronchioli

A
  • Dictyocaulus
    • cattle, deer, buffalo, camel (D. viviparus)
    • sheep, goat, moufflon, other wild small Ru (D. filaria)
    • fallow deer (D. eckerti)
    • horse, donkey (D. arnfieldi)
  • Metastrongylus apri, M. pudendotectus, M. salmi: pig
  • Oslerus osleri, O.rostratus: dog, cat, wild
  • Capillaria aerophila: fox, dog, cat
  • Crenosoma vulpis: fox, dog (+bronchioli)
  • Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (bronchioli): cat, wild cats
25
Q

Parasites found in lung lobes

A
  • Metastrongylus apri, M. pudendotectus, M. salmi: pig
    • Oslerus rostratus: dog, cat, wild cat
    • Filaroides milksi, F. hirthi: dog, wild dog
  • Capillaria aerophila: fox, dog, cat
  • Aelurostrongylus abstrusus: cat, wild cats
26
Q

Parasites in frontal sinus

A
  • Capillaria aerophila: fox, dog, cat
27
Q

Parasites in heart, pulmonary artery and its branches

A

Angiostrongylus vasorum: fox, dog and other canids, rarely cat

28
Q

Major morphological differences

A
  • Hyostrongylus: red, filariform oeso., bursa copul.
  • Amidostomosis: red, shallow buccal capsule
  • Trichostrongylus: male; spiculum + bursa copul.
    • Haemonchus: female; red/white barber-pole+pied+valvular flap to cover vulva
    • Ostertagia, Teladorsagia: divided spiculums w. holes at the end
    • Trichostrongylus: has gabernaculum
    • Cooperia: ring-like structure on neck + swollen area on spiculum + “shoe”-like structure on spiculum
    • Nematodirus: ant. part much thinner than post. part. v.long spicules,
  • Hookworms: Ancylostoma, Uncinaria, Bunostoma: large buccal capsule w. paired teeth - don´t need to distinguish
  • Strongyloidosis: long, thin, GO in middle of female
  • Parascaris: 20-40 cm, white
  • Bovine toxocara: 15-30 cm, white
  • Ascaridiosis: 15-40 cm, white
  • Car toxocara: 3 lips, curly tail in male+spiculum, lateral wings ant.,
  • Heterakis: pre-anal sucker
  • Strongylidosis: large buccal capsules w. 2(S.v)/4(S.eq)/0 (S.ed) teeth, ant. part rounded, many gut cells
  • Strongylosis: ring-shaped buccal capsule, few gut cells
  • Oseophagostomosis: shallow buccal capsule, swollen veisicle (but still filariform), bursa copulatoris
  • Chabertiosis: large buccal capsule, sometimes broken, Ø teeth
  • Oxyuris: gradual tapering towards tail, long and pointed tail
  • Probstmayria: long and filamentous tail
  • Trichuris: whip-like, head is female: curved/male; curly (“hair”) and tail bigger and coiled, one spiculum
  • Syngamus: permanent copulation, male large and shallow buccal capsule
  • Dictyocaulus: Ø buccal capsule, just small opening, female has genital pore in midle, male; bursa cop.+spiculum
  • Protostrongylus: Ø dist.
  • Metastrongylus: 6 lips, male; long bursa cop.+spiculum, female; bulb on end
  • Osleris/Filaroides: Ø bursa cop.
  • Capillaris: cross section of bronchi?
  • Crenosoma: striated surface of neck, bursa cop+spiculum
  • Angiostrongylus: female; red/white barber-pole+pied, male has spiculum
  • Aeulriostrongylus: very slender
29
Q

Hyostrongylus

  1. Species and hosts
  2. Morphology
  3. Predilection site
  4. Life cycle
  5. Clinical signs
  6. Examination method
  7. Necropsy findings
A
  1. Species and hosts: Hyostrongylus rubidus (red stomach worm) - pigs, wild boar, occasionally rabbit, guinea pig
  2. Morphology: 0.4-1.0 cm long, thin, reddish, w. small cephalic vesicle
  3. Predilection site: attached to gastric mucosa, embedded in catarrhal exudate
  4. Life cycle: direct
  5. Clinical signs: often asymptomatic, not specific (inappetence, anaemia, weight loss, agalactia, diarrhoea, vomitus)
  6. Faecal examination:
    • Flotation („strongyle-type” eggs: 60-80 μm long, ovoid/elliptic, colourless, thin-shelled, 16-32 cell stage (4-8 in vomitus!)
    • Diff. from Oesophagostomum spp.: L3 from faecal culture
  7. Necroscopy findings:
  8. Hypertrophic, ulcerative acute gastritis
  9. Chronic catarrhal, croupous- diphteritic gastritis leading to excess production of tenacious mucus, ulceration
  10. Mucosa of the stomach is thickened, lenticular, flat nodules
  11. Tiny red worms can be recognized in the glass-like, tenacious mucus covering the gastric mucosa
30
Q

Amidostomosis

  1. Species and hosts
  2. Morphology
  3. Predilection site
  4. Life cycle
  5. Clinical signs
  6. Examination method
  7. Necropsy findings
A
  1. Species and hosts: A.anseris - gizzard worm disease of goslings, ducklings and young aquatic fowls
  2. Morphology: 1-2.5 cm, bright red, shallow “buccal capsule” - mouth opening
  3. Predilection site: under the horny (keratinoid) lining of gizzard, on mucosa, close to junction of proventriculus and gizzard
  4. Life cycle: direct
  5. Clinical signs: not specific, apathy, anaemia, emaciation, diarrhoea in heavily infected 1-2 month old goslings
  6. Exam. method: Flotation - 100 μm, ellipsoidal, thin-shelled, 32 cell or morula stage
  7. Necropsy findings: often loosened horny lining, dark-red folds or cream-like catarrhal inflammation and haemorrhages on mucosa of gizzard
31
Q

Trichostrongylidiosis

  1. Species and hosts
  2. Morphology
  3. Predilection site
  4. Life cycle
  5. Clinical signs
  6. Examination method
  7. Necropsy findings
A
  1. Species and hosts: GI-nematodes of Ruminants
    • Abomasum of cattle: H.placei, O.ostertagi, Tr.axei (stomach of horse+donkey too)
    • Abomasum of sheep+goat: H.contortus, Teladorsagia circumcinta, Tr.axei
    • SI of cattle: C. punctata, C.oncophora, N.helvetianus
    • SI of sheep+goat: Tr.colubriformis, C.oncophora, C.curticei, N. filicollis, N.spathiger, N.battus
  2. Morphology
    • Haemonchus: 1-3 cm long, females are pied w. “barber’s pole”
    • Ostertagia, Teladorsagia (brown stomach worm): 1 cm long, reddish-brown, tiny cervical papillae
    • Trichostrongylus (bankruptworm): <1 cm long, porus excretorius (notch) anteriorly, gabernaculum
    • Cooperia: < 1 cm long, pinkish, ring-like stricture of neck
    • Nematodirus (thread-necked worms): 1-2.5 cm long, the ant. half thinner, small striated cephalic vesicle, extremely long spicules, their tips are fused together and doubled bursal rays in the male
  3. Predilection site: Abomasum/SI
  4. Life cycle: direct
  5. Clinical signs: not specific
    • acute haemonchosis: anaemia, dark coloured faeces, submandibular oedema, weakness
    • summer ostertagiosis: profuse, watery diarrhoea with putrid smell, dehydration, loss of appetite,
    weight and production, weakness
    • winter ostertagiosis: submand. oedema
    • tricho., cooperia, nemato: severe, black, haemorrhagic diarrhoea
  6. Exam. method: Flotation - ”trichostrongyle-type” eggs (60-110 μm long, thin- shelled in 8-16(32) cell stage; eggs of Nematodirus twice x size and at 4-8-cell stage)
  7. Necropsy findings:
    • haemorrhagic gastritis (haemonchosis)
    • hyperaemic abomasal- and SI-mucosa,
    • tricho., cooperia, nemato: villous atrophy and erosion of mucosa
    • nodules (ostertagiosis)
    • worms in the abomasum and/or SI
32
Q

Strongyloidosis

  1. Species and hosts
  2. Morphology
  3. Predilection site
  4. Life cycle
  5. Clinical signs
  6. Examination method
  7. Necropsy findings
A
  1. Species and hosts: Thredworms/Dwarfworms
    -S.ransomi: pig
    -S.papillosus: Ru, rabbit
    -S.westeri: horse, donkey
    -S.stercoralis: dog, fox, cat, hu (distinct strain)
  2. Morphology: 2-8 mm, slender, white, genital pore at middle of female
  3. Predilection site: SI
  4. Life cycle: direct
  5. Clinical signs: mild infections usually asymptomatic; heavy infections in:
    • 2-4 weeks piglets: bloody diarrhoea, anaemia, emaciation, exsiccosis
    • 1-3 months calves, 2-6 weeks lambs/kids: coughing, dyspnoe, fever, anorexia, diarrhoea, anaemia
  6. Faecal exam.: Flotation - eggs (ellipsoidal, thin-shelled, very small: 40-50 μm, containing L1) (except Ca, Hu: ca. 300μm larvae pass w. faeces)
  7. Necroscopy: worms in of SI mucosa (at ca. 1 m distance from pylorus)
33
Q

Parascariosis

  1. Species and hosts
  2. Morphology
  3. Predilection site
  4. Life cycle
  5. Clinical signs
  6. Examination method
  7. Necropsy findings
A
  1. Species and hosts: Equine - Parascaris equorum
  2. Morphology: 20-40 cm in length rigid, whitish
  3. Predilection site: SI
  4. Life cycle: direct (ascaroid type)
  5. Clinical signs: mild infections are inapparent; in young, heavily infected foals coughing, nasal discharge, anorexia, dullness, sometimes colic, dull coat, weight loss, occ. nervous signs, diarrhea; spontaneous discharge of worms in the faeces
  6. Faecal exam.: Flotation - eggs (90-100 μm sized, almost spherical, yellowish-brown, thick-shelled with pitted surface; atypical eggs appear as smooth- and thick-walled, colourless, translucid)
  7. Necroscopy: catarrhal enteritis, occ. invagination, mechanical occlusion of SI, rupture of intestinal wall, peritonitis; hemorrhages, inflammatory foci, nodules containing dead larvae in liver+lungs
34
Q

Bovine toxocarosis

  1. Species and hosts
  2. Morphology
  3. Predilection site
  4. Life cycle
  5. Clinical signs
  6. Examination method
  7. Necropsy findings
A
  1. Species and hosts: Toxocara vitulorum - cattle, buffalo, occ. sheep, goat
  2. Morphology: 15-30 cm long, white, slightly transparent
  3. Predilection site: SI
  4. Life cycle: direct (toxocaroid type)
  5. Clinical signs: in young calves (<4-5 month) changing appetite, decreased growth-rate, abdominal spasm, diarrhea, strong butyric or aceton-like odour, spontaneous discharge of worms in faeces
  6. Faecal exam: Flotation method in less than 4 month old calves - eggs (70-90 μm sized, brownish, thick- shelled with outer pitted coat)
  7. Necroscopy findings: catarrhal enteritis, acetone smelling meat
35
Q

Porcine ascariosis

  1. Species and hosts
  2. Morphology
  3. Predilection site
  4. Life cycle
  5. Clinical signs
  6. Examination method
  7. Necropsy findings
A
  1. Species and hosts: Ascarosis suum - pig, wild boar
  2. Morphology: 15-40 cm long, rigid, white
  3. Predilection site: SI
  4. Life cycle: direct (ascaroid type) - PP: 2 months!
  5. Clinical signs: mild infections are inapparent; in young, heavily infected animals coughing, dyspnoea, anaemia, anorexia, spontaneous discharge of worms in faeces
  6. Faecal exam: Flotation - eggs (50-70 μm sized, ovoid, brownish, thick-shelled which is irregularly mamillated) (false-pos. due to coprophagy)
  7. Necroscopy findings: catarrhal enteritis, roundworms in the gut, cloudy whitish spots („milk spots)” on surface of liver, haemorrhages in lung, pneumonia
36
Q

Ascaridiosis

  1. Species and hosts
  2. Morphology
  3. Predilection site
  4. Life cycle
  5. Clinical signs
  6. Examination method
  7. Necropsy findings
A
  1. Species and hosts:
    - A.galli: domestic and guinea fowl, turkey, duck, game birds
    - A.columbae: chicken
    - A.dissimilis: turkey
  2. Morphology: 5-12 cm (A. galli), 3-7 cm long (A. columbae, A. dissimilis)
  3. Predilection site: SI
  4. Life cycle: direct (ascaridioid type)
  5. Clinical signs: moderate infections freq. inapparent, heavier inf: (mainly 2-3 months chickens with predisposing factors) dull feather-coat, curtailment of food, catarrhal enteritis, occ. intestinal occlusion, decreased egg prod., nervous signs
  6. Faecal exam: Flotation - eggs (90 μm sized, ellipsoidal, colourless, with smooth thick- shelled) (similar to Heterakis eggs, but bigger and sides are not parallel)
  7. Necroscopy findings: catarrhal-haemorrhagic-croupous enteritis
37
Q

Toxocarosis, Toxoscarosis

  1. Species and hosts
  2. Morphology
  3. Predilection site
  4. Life cycle
  5. Clinical signs
  6. Examination method
  7. Necropsy findings
A
  1. Species and hosts: carnivores
    - T.canis: dogs, fox
    - T.cati: cats
    - Toxoscaris leonina: dogs, fox, cats
  2. Morphology: 10-18 cm (T. canis), 3-10 cm (T. cati), 6-10 cm (T. leonina) long, has 3 lips, wide lateral wings at head, male has spiculum+curly tail
  3. Predilection site: SI
  4. Life cycle: direct (T. canis is ascaroid <1 month of age if infection prenatal or with egg containing L3; toxocaroid >4 months) (PE-2 of T. cati is ascaroid, toxocaroid) (PE-2 of T. leonina is ascaridioid)
  5. Clinical signs:
    - mild infections: intermittent diarrhoea, changing appetite, pot-belly, anaemia, loss of weight, dull coat
    - severe infection (puppies, kittens): coughing, changing appetite, dull coat, extended and sensitive belly (pot-belly), diarrhoea, vomitus (worms in it), nervous signs, epileptoid attacks, etc., spontaneous discharge of worms in the faeces
  6. Exam. method: Flotation - eggs (T. canis: 75-90 μm sized, subglobular, brownish with thick, pitted shell, T. cati: 65-75 μm in size, subspherical, brownish, T. leonina: 70-85 μm in size, subspherical-oval, light, colourled, surface of eggshell is smooth, the zygote does not fill it)
  7. Necropsy findings: SI packed with worms, enteritis, obturation, invagination, haemorrhages and inflammation in the lungs; adults of Toxocara and Toxascaris are grossly indistinguishable
38
Q

Life cycle types

A
  • ascaroid type: small intestine-liver-lungs-trachea-pharynx-small intestine
  • toxocaroid type: small intestine-liver-lungs-blood circulation (somatic migration, hypobiosis)
  • ascaridioid type: moults in the mucosa of the small intestine (histotropic phase), mature in lumen
39
Q

Syngamus

  1. Species and hosts
  2. Morphology
  3. Predilection site
  4. Life cycle
  5. Clinical signs
  6. Examination method
  7. Necropsy findings
A
  1. Species and hosts: Syngamus trachea - Gapeworm disease - domestic fowl and game birds, esp. imp. in chicks (younger than 2-3 m.), turkey, pheasant and partridge
  2. Morphology: female (0.5-3 cm long, reddish) and male (0.5 cm long, whitish with large and shallow buccal capsule) live in permanent copulation forming a Y-shape
  3. Predilection site: trachea
  4. Life cycle: direct, but paratenic hosts: e.g. earthworms, slugs, snails, beetles
  5. Clinical signs: head shaking, sneezing, dyspnoea (gasping for air), asphyxia or suffocation; subscutaneous emphysema may occur along neck of 3-4 weeks old chick; worms may be seen in trachea of living birds
  6. Exam. method: Flotation - eggs 70-100 μm long, ellipsoidal, thin-shelled, operculum at both ends, 8-16-cell stage
  7. Necropsy findings: worm pairs, granulomas in the trachea, tracheitis with excess of bloody, foamy mucus; petechiae, haemorrhages, edema, vicariant emphysema, bronchopneumonia in the lungs
40
Q

Dictyocaulosis

  1. Species and hosts
  2. Morphology
  3. Predilection site
  4. Life cycle
  5. Clinical signs
  6. Examination method
  7. Necropsy findings
A
  1. Species and hosts:
    -D.viviparus: cattle, deer, buffalo, camel
    -D.filaria: sheep, goat, mouflon, small wild animals
    -D.eckerti: deer
    -D.arnfieldi: horses, donkeys
  2. Morphology: 3-8 cm long, slender, white worms, genital pore at the middle of the female
  3. Predilection site: lumen of bronchi and trachea
  4. Life cycle: direct
  5. Clinical signs: from late summer in young, grazing
    animals in cattle and small ruminants:
    • prepatent phase: tachypnoea, dyspnoea, dry coughing
    • patent phase: fever, resp. distress, tachypnoea, dyspnoea, ‘air-hunger’ position (head and neck outstretched), deep harsh (dry to moist) cough, anorexia, loss of weight, emaciation, cachexia
    in horse and donkey:
    • frequently inapparent in foals, however, coughing, nasal discharge, resp. distress due to massive infections
  6. Exam. method: L1 with Baermann technique - except in D.filaria: differentiation from protostrongylid L1
    -In D.arnfieldi also flotation - eggs (100um, ellipsoidal, thin-shelled and w. L1)
  7. Necropsy findings:
    in cattle and small ruminants:
    • prepatent phase: pulmonary edema, alveolitis, bronchiolitis, bronchitis, detection of larvae from small pieces of lungs
    • patent phase: worms can be seen in the opened airways, chronic bronchitis and peribronchitis; worms and abundant purulent mucus plug the bronchial lumen, interstitial emphysema (dark-red atelectatic and pale emphysematic areas), peribronchial fibrosis, purulent secondary inflammation in horse and donkey
    • in the caudal lung lobes raised, circumscribed areas of inflated tissue, central, bronchus with mucopurulent exudate, hyperplastic epithelium
41
Q

Metastrongylidiosis

  1. Species and hosts
  2. Morphology
  3. Predilection site
  4. Life cycle
  5. Clinical signs
  6. Examination method
  7. Necropsy findings
A
  1. Species and hosts: Pig lungworm: wild boar, pig, guinea pig
    -Metastrongylus apri
    -M. pudendotectus
    -M. salmi
  2. Morphology: 1.5-5.5 cm long, greyish-white
  3. Predilection sites: in the lumen of the bronchi, mainly in the diaphragmatic lobe of the lung
  4. Life cycle: indirect (intermediate hosts: earthworms)
    Hosts: wild boar, pig, guinea pig
  5. Clinical signs: not typical, in young pig (coughing, dyspnoea, nasal discharge, fever, anorexia)
  6. Faecal exam: Flotation - eggs (5-9 weeks after infection (about 50-60 μm sized, ellipsoidal, rough- and thick-shelled, containing L1)
  7. Necroscopy: lesions in diaphragmatic lobes, formation of small, greyish, consolidated nodules, muco-purulent bronchitis, compact areas of inflammation and soft areas of emphysema
42
Q

Protostrongylidosis

  1. Species and hosts
  2. Morphology
  3. Predilection site
  4. Life cycle
  5. Clinical signs
  6. Examination method
  7. Necropsy findings
A
  1. Species and hosts: Nodular lungworm in sheep and goat:
    -Protostrongylus rufescens
    -Cystocaulus ocreatus
    -Muellerius capillaris
    -Neostrongylus linearis
  2. Morphology: all are thin, hair-like worms, 0.5-3 cm in length, colourless except P.rufescens; brown and Cystocaulus; dark brown
  3. Predilection site:
    -P.rufescens: small bronchi
    -The others: lung parenchyma
  4. Life cycle: indirect, PP: 5-6 weeks, IM hosts (terrestrial
    snails, slugs)
  5. Clinical signs:
    • prevalence increases with age, may reach 100% in sheep and goats >3 years
    • worms in small bronchioli - inflammation of the terminal air passages and lobular pneumonia
    • usually chronic and may lead to spontaneous recovery
    Clinical signs: coughing, anorexia, retarded development, depressed production, anaemia
  6. Examination method: Disease history and detection of L1 - umbrella rod like appearence
  7. Necropsy findings:
    (1) brood nodules: cone-shaped, granuloma-like areas of affected lung tissue, which contain sexually active worms and masses of eggs and larvae; usually in diaphragmatic lobe
    (2) wormknots: glass pinhead-shaped, mostly subpleural, gray (Muellerius) or dark-brown to black (Cystocaulus) cysts which contain sexually inactive, viable, adult worms only
43
Q

Oslerosis, Filaroidosis

  1. Species and hosts
  2. Morphology
  3. Predilection site
  4. Life cycle
  5. Clinical signs
  6. Examination method
  7. Necropsy findings
A
  1. Species and hosts: Lungworms in Car
    • O. osleri: dog, wild canids
    • O. rostratus: cats and wild felids
    • Filaroides milksi, F. hirthi: dog, wild canids
  2. Morphology
    • O. osleri: small, pale worms, 0.5 to 1.5 cm
    • O. rostratus: male 3-4 cm, female 5-6 cm long, slender
    • Filaroides milksi, F. hirthi: 0.5-1 cm long, slender
  3. Predilection sites:
    • O. osleri: fibrous nodules on tracheal mucosa at the region of bifurcation and in the adjacent bronchi
    • O. rostratus: sub-mucosa of bronci or in lung parechyma
    • F. milksi, F. hirthi: lung parenchyma
  4. Life cycle: direct; O. rostratus indirect (intermediate hosts snails or slugs)
  5. Clinical signs: usually remains inapparent; dry, paroxysmal coughing, respiratory distress, loss of appetite
  6. Faecal examination: detection of L1 is less reliable - endoscopy of the trachea in anaesthesia
  7. Necroscopy findings: chronic tracheo-bronchitis, characteristic nodular lesions at the region of bifurcation (O. osleri)
44
Q

Capillariosis

  1. Species and hosts
  2. Morphology
  3. Predilection site
  4. Life cycle
  5. Clinical signs
  6. Examination method
  7. Necropsy findings
A
  1. Species and hosts: Capillaria aerophila - fox, occ. dog, cat
  2. Morphology: 2.0-3.0 cm long, whitish and filamentous
  3. Predilection sites: in the mucosa of the bronchi, trachea/nasal passages, frontal sinuses
  4. Life cycle: direct (paratenic hosts: earthworms)
  5. Clinical signs: usually remains inapparent; coughing
  6. Faecal exam.: Flotation - detection of zygote - containing eggs (60-75 μm in length, barrel- shaped, asymmetry of bipolar plugs with absence of thickening at the basis)
  7. Necroscopy findings: finding the worms and/or detecting of eggs from the tracheal fluids
45
Q

Crenosomosis

  1. Species and hosts
  2. Morphology
  3. Predilection site
  4. Life cycle
  5. Clinical signs
  6. Examination method
  7. Necropsy findings
A
  1. Species and hosts: Crenosoma vulpis - fox, occ. dog and other canids
  2. Morphology: 0.5-1.5 cm long
  3. Predilection site: trachea, bronchi, bronchioli
  4. Life cycle: indirect (intermediate hosts: molluscs)
  5. Clinical signs: usually remains inapparent; coughing, sneezing, nasal discharge
  6. Faecal exam: detection of L1 with Baermann technique
  7. Necroscopy findings: rhino-tracheitis, bronchitis
46
Q

Angiostrongylosis

  1. Species and hosts
  2. Morphology
  3. Predilection site
  4. Life cycle
  5. Clinical signs
  6. Examination method
  7. Necropsy findings
A
  1. Species and hosts: Angiostrongylus vasorum - French heartworm - fox, occasionally dog and other canids, rarely cat
  2. Morphology: 1.4-2.5 cm long pied, white ovaries being spirally wound around the red intestine
  3. Predilection site: right ventricle, pulmonary artery and its branches
  4. Life cycle: indirect (intermediate hosts: snails, slugs)
  5. Clinical signs:
    • respiratory signs (coughing, dyspnea, tachypnea)
    • petechiae, ecchymoses, scleral hemorrhage, sublingual hemorrhage, hematomas
    • neurologic signs ranging from seizures, circling, ataxia, to paresis
    • ocular signs
  6. Exam:
    -Baermann technique - detection of L1 (310-400 μm in length with a characteristic kinked tail and a dorsal spine and notch)
    -Detection of antigen/antibody: ELISA, western blot technique
    -Diagnostic imaging: radiography, CT, MR
  7. Necroscopy findings: rhino-tracheitis, bronchitis, endarteritis, endocarditis, pulmonary thromboangiitis, hemoabdomen, hemothorax; granulomatous interstitial pneumonia with thrombosis, fibrosis, adult worms in blood vessels and eggs/larvae in the pulmonary arterioles and capillaries
47
Q

Aelurostrongylosis

  1. Species and hosts
  2. Morphology
  3. Predilection site
  4. Life cycle
  5. Clinical signs
  6. Examination method
  7. Necropsy findings
A
  1. Aelurostrongylus abstrusus - lungworm in cat, wild felids
  2. Morphology: 0.5-1.0 cm long, very slender worms
  3. Predilection site: bronchioli and lung parenchyma
  4. Life cycle: indirect (intermediate hosts: snails, slugs)
  5. Clinical signs: not specific, openmouthed abdominal breathing, dyspnea, intense coughing, sneezing, muco-purulent discharge
  6. Faecal examination: detection of L1 with Baermann technique
  7. Necroscopy findings:
    • rhino-tracheitis, bronchitis
    • in the lung parenchyma multiple small, greyish, translucid foci or bigger consolidated granulomas, muscular hypertrophy and hyperplasia
    • eggs and L1 in squeeze preparation from the cut surface of the lung
    • in heavy infection
48
Q

Which are zoonotic?

A
  • Oesophagostomum
49
Q

Which eggs are strongyle-type?

A

Thin-shelled, ovoid/elliptic, colourless, morula stage – Flotation

  • Hyostrongylus
  • Amidostomum
  • Strongylidiosis
  • Oesophagostomum
  • Hookworms: Ancylostoma, Uncinaria, Bunostomum
50
Q

Eggs with thick shell

A

-Parascaris: yellowish-brown, pitted and sticky surface, Z inside
-Avian ascarosidiosis: ellipsoidal, colourless, smooth and thick-shelled
similar to Heterakis but bigger
-Heterakis: ellipsoidal, parallel-sided smooth, with Z
-Ascariosis suum: ovoid, brown, outer irregularly mamillated surface and Z inside
-Toxocara, Toxoscara:
o T.vitulorum subglobular, brown, outer pitted surface – Flotation - similar to T.cati and T.canis
o T. canis: subglobular, brownish, pitted shell
o T. cati: 65-75 μm, subspherical, brownish
o T. leonina: 70-85 μm, subspherical-oval, light, colourled, smooth surface, zygote does not fill the egg!
-Oxyuris: ovoid, yellow, slightly flattened on one side, thick-shelled, operculated on one side, morula stage
-Trichuris: lemon-shaped, yellow, operculated on both sides, similar to Capillaria but darker colour,
-Capillaria: barrel-shaped, asymmetry of bipolar plugs, w. zygote

51
Q

Trichostrongyle-type eggs

A

60-110um, thin-shelled, 8-16 morula stage – Flotation

-Nematodirus spp. twice the size and 4-8 blastomer stage

Parasitology (16 decks)

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