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Parasitology > MT 2 random > Flashcards

MT 2 random Flashcards

1
Q

Lice in general

A
  • Host-specific
  • Permanent ectoparasites
  • Live for 1-5 months
  • Chewing/biting lice: Amblycera, Ischnocera
  • Blood sucking: Anopleura
  • Survival off the host: 1-4 days for blood-sucking, 1-2 weeks for chewing/biting
  • In birds and mammals, but pig, rabbits and humans have no chewing/biting lice and cat and birds have no blood sucking lice
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2
Q

Lice morphology

A
  • 1-14 mm (females bigger)
  • Ventrodors. flattened
  • Wingless
  • Reduced/absent eyes
  • 9 abdominal segments, with 6 pairs of spiracles
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3
Q

Difference btw. chewing/biting and blood sucking lice

A
  • Head is wider than thorax in c/b, narrower in b.s.
  • 3-5 segmented antennae in c/b, 5 in b.s.
  • 1-2 tarsal claws in c/b, one single in b.s.
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4
Q

Species of chewing/biting lice

A 
Suborder Amblycera: 
-Menopan Gallinae: chicken
-Trinoton anserinum: goose
-T.querquedulae: duck
Suborder Ischnocera:
-Werneckiella equi: horse
-Bovicola bovis: cattle
-B.ovis: sheep
-B.caprae: goat
-Trichodectes canis: dog
-Felicola subrostratus: cat 
-Lipeurus caponis: chicken 
-Columbicola columbae: pigeon
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5
Q

Species of blood sucking lice

A
  • Haematopinus suis: pig
  • Haematopinus eurysternus: cattle
  • Haematopinus asini: horse
  • Phthirus pubis: hu + gorilla
  • Haemodipsus ventricosus: rabbit
  • Pediculus humanus: hu
  • P.pubis: hu
  • Solenopotes capillatus: cattle
  • Linognathus vituli: cattle
  • L. stenopsis: sheep
  • L. setosus: sheep, goat
  • L. pedalis: sheep
  • L. ovillus: sheep
  • Polyplax serrata
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6
Q

Difference btw. the species of chewing/biting lice

A

(don´t need to distinguish the species, only that it is a chewing/biting lice, but)

  • Columbicola columbae: very long body, found in the wing of the bird
  • Felicola subrostratus: head looks like a house
  • Trichodectes and Bovicola looks similar, don´t need to distinguish
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7
Q

Difference btw. the species of blood sucking lice

A
  • Haematopinus eurysternus: very large arms
  • Solenopotes capillatus: small nose, first legs shorter
  • Linognathus: long nose, first legs shorter
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8
Q

Lice: development, clinical signs and diagnosis

A

Development:
-Epimorphosis with 3 nymphal stages (takes ca. 1 month), sometimes parthenogenesis (B.bovis)
-Eggs (nits) firmly attached to hairs/fleece/feathers
-Nymph resembles adults
Clinical signs:
-Factor disease (usually winter)
-Scratching, intense grooming, alopecia, anaemia, weight loss, excoriation, dermatitis, hide and fleece damage, lameness in sheep
Diagnosis: based on clinical signs and presence of eggs (nits), nymphs or adults

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9
Q

Fleas in general

A
  • Non-host specific
  • Permanent ectoparasites
  • Adults sucks blood many times per day
  • Development in surrounding
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10
Q

Species of fleas

A

Order Siphonaptera

  • Cterocephalidus canis: dog, cat, man
  • C.felis: cat, dog, man
  • Pulex irritans: man, dog, cat, pig
  • Spilopsyllus gallinae: domestic poultry, man, pet animals
  • Tunga penetrans: man (sand flies!)
  • Echnidophaga gallinae: fowl, dog, cat, rabbit, horse, man
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11
Q

Where can we find the eggs of fleas?

A

Environment! Must both treat animals and the environment (hoover)

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12
Q

Fleas morphology

A

-1-6mm, lat. flattened, wingless
-short antennae in recess
-eye: ocellus (not compound)
-piercing-sucking mouthpart
-one or two combs - ctenidia: on head/thorax
-10 abd. segments
Larvea:
-head with chewing moutparts (eat adult flea faeces)
-13 body sergments
-no legs, just antennae!

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13
Q

Fleas: development, clinical signs and diagnosis

A

Development:
-holometamorphosis w. 3 larveal stages
-eggs laid on host but drop off
-larvea has head with chewing moutparts and 13 body sergments, feed on faeces of adults and debris
-3rd larvea spins cocoon, pupation within cocoon
-Tunga penetrans (jigger): only MALE sucks blood, female digs into skin and becomes nodule
-Echidnophaga gallinacea: embedded in skin around eyes, cloaca, wattles of birds or ear canals of mammals
Clinical signs:
-restlessness, scratching, intense grooming, anaemia
-FAD-flea-bite-allergy if repeated bites
-Dogs: hot spot in lumbosacral/gluteal region
-Cats: miliary dermatitis
Diagnosis:
-eggs collected by comb
-use cotton to see blood contents of flea dirt (black + red around)
-exam. of surroundings, Diphylidium tapeworms in dogs and cats
-serological ELISA to detect IgG/IgE in dogs and cats with FAD

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14
Q

Bugs in general

A
  • Cimex lectularis: bed bug
  • Triatoma spp: assassin/kissing bug
  • Temporary, blood-sucking ectoparasites
  • Nocturnal
  • Mammals+birds
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15
Q

Morphology of bugs

A
  • Dorsovent. flattened
  • 4-segmented antennae
  • 3-segm. beak and tarsus
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16
Q

Morphology of bed bug

A
  • 5-7mm, reddish-brown
  • Has scent-gland
  • Fore-wings reduced, hind-wings absent
  • Blood sucking mouthparts
  • 11 segm. abdomen
  • Respiratory spiracles vent.
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17
Q

Morphology of kissing bug

A
  • 20-28mm, elongated

- Membraneous hind-wings, triangular shield bw.

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18
Q

What can Triatoma spp. transmit?

A

Trypanosomas

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19
Q

Bugs development, clinical signs and diagnosis

A

Development:
-Epimorphosis w. 5 nymphal stages
-In cracks/crevices
-Nymphs resembles adults, suck blood before moulting to next stage
Diagnosis:
-Disagreeable odor, specks of faeces, traces of blood-sucking (painless bites)

20
Q

Lesser mealworm/darkling beetle (everything)

A
  • Alphitobius diaperinus
  • Not parasitic but pest of stored products (feed, litter, manure, dead birds, nests of wild birds)
  • Reservoir of poultry pathogens
  • Tunneling activity damages insulation materials of poultry houses
  • O.Coleoptera
  • 5mm, dark reddish-brown to bright black
  • Holometamorphosis with 7-11 larval instars
  • Larvea: worm-like, yellowish-brown - feed on spilled feed/dead birds and chew holes in insulation for pupation
21
Q

Diptera in general

A

(tovinger)

  • Single pair of membranous wings and pair of halteres
  • If parasitic: adults externally, larvea in wounds/tissues/GIT
  • Can be vectors of imp. pathogens
  • Holometamorphosis
  • Suborders: Nematocera and Brachycera
  • Brachycera has two divisions: Orthorrhapha and Cyclorrhapha
22
Q

Difference bw. Nematocera and Brachycera

A

Nematocera:
-long, many segmented antennae
-piercing-sucking mouthparts
-only the females parasitic
-larvea and (mummy-like) pupae are aquatic
Brachycera - Orthorrhapha: straight slit puparium
-stout, 3 segm. antennae
-slashing-sponging mouthparts
-only the females feeds on blood
-larvea and (mummy-like) pupae are aquatic
Brachycera - Cyclorrhapha: circular slit puparium
-short, 3 segm. antennae
-sponging or piercing-sucking mouthparts
-both male and females feeds on blood
-larvea and (barrel-like) pupae are terrestrial

23
Q

Species of Nematocera

A
  • Fam.Culicidae: Anopheles, Culex, Aedes spp. (mosquitos)
  • Fam.Simuliidae: Simulium spp. (blackflies)
  • Fam.Psychodidae: Phlebotomus spp. (sandflies)
  • Fam.Ceratopogonidae: Culicoides spp. (biting midges)
24
Q

Species of Brachycera

A

Orthorrhapha
-Fam.Tabanidae: Tabanus, Chrysops, Haematopota spp. (horse flies)
Cyclorrhapha
-Fam.Glossinidae: Glossina morsitans, G.pallidipes (tsetse flies)
(muscoid flies):
-Fam.Fannidae: Fannia canicularis
-Fam.Muscidae: Musca, Stomoxys, Haematobia spp.

25
Q

Species of Myiases

A

Fly larvea - maggots (Diptera-Cyclorrhapha)

  • Blowflies: Fam.Calliphoridae: Lucilia sericata, S.cuprina, Cochliomyia hominivoreax
  • Fleshflies: Fam.Sarcophagidae - Wohlfarthia magnifica
  • Warble flies: Fam.Oestridae, Subfam.Hypodermatinae: Hypoderma bovis, H.lineatum (cattle)
  • Botflies: Fam.Gasterophilinae: Gasterophilus intestinalis, nasalis, haemorrhoidalis, pecorum
  • Sheep nasal botfly: Subfam.Oestrinae: Oestrus bovis
26
Q

Species of Arachnida

A

Order Acariformes
Suborder Astigmata:
*Burrowing mites:
-Fam.Sarcoptidae: Sarcoptes scabiei, Notoedres cati
-Fam.Knemidokoptidae - Knemidokoptes spp.
*Non-burrowing mites:
-Fam.Psoroptidae: Psoroptes spp., Chorioptes spp., Otodectes spp.
Suborder Prostigmata:
-Fam.Demodicidae: Demodex spp. (hair follicle mites)
-Fam.Cheyletiellidae: Cheyletiella spp. (hair coat mites)
-Fam.Trombiculidae (Trombicula autumnalis)
Suborder Mesostigmata:
-Fam.Dermanyssidae: Dermanyssus gallinae (red mites)
Suborder Metastigmata:
-Fam.Argasidae: Argas spp. (soft ticks)
-Fam.Ixodidae: Ixodes, Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis, Rhipicephalus spp. (hard ticks)

27
Q

Difference bw. soft and hard tick

A 
Soft:
-NO plates/shields on body
-Feed many times in nymphal+adult stages
-More nymphal stages occur in course of development
Hard:
-Hard shield and stiff plates on body
-Feed only ONCE in course of development
-ONE nymphal stage in course of development
28
Q

Types of hair follicle mite infection in dog

A

Demodex canis:

  • Localized or squamous demodicosis: < 2 years, on muzzle, around eyes, over bony projections of extremities circumscribed areas of erythema, alopecia, seborrhea, desquamation, hyperpigmentation, usually no pruritus
  • Generalized/pustular demodicosis: in few cases lesions spread to most part of body surface, sparse haircoat, coarse skin, dry and erythematous (red mange) w. sec. staphylococcal pyoderma, lymphadenopathy, lethargym fever
  • Pododemodicosis: rare, edematous, painfull swellings of distal part of legs
29
Q

Types of follicle mite infection in cat

A

Demodex cati / D.gatoi: 3 forms
-Localized/squamous (head, neck) form: circumscribed alopecia and seborrhea on head and neck
-Generalized/pustular form: continious lesions on body, freq. with pyoderma
-Ceruminous demodectic otitis externa: similar to otodectic mange
(bad smell, wounds on head, itching)

30
Q

Types of mange in dogs

A
  • Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis - Sarcoptic mange - Zoonotic! Highly contageous, spread by direct contact, 10 days - 8 weeks incubation period, spread from edge of ear pinna, above eyes, elbows, mostly ventral surface, with seborrhea, lymphadenopathy and emaciation
  • Otodectes cynotis - Otodectic mange: otitis externa, excess of dark cerumen, purulent inflammation and discharge, ear scratching, head-shaking
  • Notoedres cati - Notoedric mange (rare) - young dogs
31
Q

Types of mange in cats

A
  • Notoedres cati - Notoedric mange (face): from edge of ear pinna spread to face, neck, paws and tails
  • Otodectes cynotis - Otodectic mange (common!)
32
Q

Clinical signs of sheep nasal botfly

A

Nasal dischargem sneezing, rubbing of nose, unthriftiness, circling and incoordination (´false gid¨), weight loss
Nervous problems
Ophthalmomyiasis in dogs, humans

33
Q

Clinical signs of wable flies

A
  • H.bovis: panicking, paraplegia
  • H.lineatum: faulty regurgitation
  • Anaphylaxis, production loss
34
Q

Position on body of muscoid flies

A
  • Stomoxys calcitrans (stable fly): lower parts (belly, limbs)
  • Musca autumnalis (face fly): face (feed on secretions around eyes)
  • Haematobia irritans (horn fly): around horns, back and sides in a downward pointing position
35
Q

Difference btw. the different mites

A

Burrowing: short legs!
1. Sarcoptes: long, unsegmented pedicel with small ambulacrum/ampulla at end of the legs (“zoom in”). “Roof” on back. Male has a pedicel with ampulla on 4th leg too.
2. Notoedres: same as Sarcoptes, but has “fingerprint” structure on back
3. Legs not really over the body - “burried”. Male has pedicel with ampulla on both 3+4th leg.
Non-burrowing mites: long legs!
1. Both front and hind legs are long, doesn´t go into skin. First 2 legs has 3 segmented pedicel with large ampulla. Male has large, 3 segm. pedicel with ampulla on 3rd leg too. Female has this on 4th leg.
2. Chorioptes: long legs, short unsegmented pedicel with large ampulla. Shape of body more enlongated. Male has pedicel with ampulla on all 4 legs, female no ampulla on 3rd leg.
3. Otodectes: same as Chorioptes - ask for animal sp. Male has pedicel with ampulla on all 4 legs, female only first 2 legs.

36
Q

Which mites can be found in the different species of animals?

A
  • Horse: Sarcoptes scabiei var. equi, Psoroptes cuniculi, P.ovis, Chorioptes bovis
  • Cattle: Sarcoptes scabiei var. bovis, P.ovis, C.bovis
  • Sheep (goats): Sarcoptes scabiei var. ovis, P.ovis, P.cuniculi, C.bovis
  • Pig: Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis
  • Dog: Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis, Otodectes cynotis, Notoedres cati
  • Cat: Notoedres cati, Otodectes cynotis
  • Birds: Knemidokoptes gallinae (depluming itch), K.mutans (scaly leg), K.pilae (scaly face)
  • Rabbit: Psoroptes cuniculi (ear cancer), Notoedres cati, Sarcoptes scabiei,
37
Q

Diagnosis of skin mites

A
  • Anamnesis: contact w. other animals, severe pruritus of sudden onset
  • Deep skin scraping to detect BURROWING mites: dip a scalpel blade into mineral oil, make a skinfold, and scrape holding the blade perpendicularly to the surface until blood seeps
  • Superficial skin scraping to detect NON-BURROWING mites - the detritus, from edge of lesions into an ointment or vial
  • Collection of dark cerumen by swabbing ear canal w. cotton/attachement of scabby material from meatus with pledget of cotton wool held in forceps
  • Placed directly on microscope slide samples maybe lightened and warmed by a lamp from above
  • Dissolve the keratinous substance of skin by heating in 10% Na/K-hydroxide/boiled in glass tube, centrifuged and exam. of sediment
  • Skin therapy or response to treatment to help diagnosis
  • Occasionally faecal flotation to reveal mites or eggs
  • ELISA for sarcoptic mange of dogs
38
Q

Diagnosis of hair follicle mites

A

Demodex spp.

  • Anamnesis: systemic disease, immunodeficiency
  • Typical lesions (clinical signs) > deep skin scrapings
39
Q

Cheyletiella in different animal species

A

-Dog: C.yasguri
-Cat: C.blakei
-Rabbit: C.parasitivorax
Zoonotic! Hu: red, itching lesions

40
Q

Cheyletiella clinical signs

A
  • Usually absent, mainly in young colonies, in poor conditions
  • Mild dermatitis, scaling skin (“walking dandruff”, greasy and sparse hair, pruritus
  • Dogs: diffusively
  • Cats: head, above spinal column
  • Rabbit: scapular, gluteal region
41
Q

Difference btw. eggs of lice, fly and Cheyletiella mites

A

Look at the inner part of the egg - can find the longitudinal shape of larvea

  • Lice: skeleton of lice (head, thorax, abdomen)
  • Botflies: no legs, small mouthpart,
  • Cheyletiella: skeleton of lice, has 6 legs, hooks
42
Q

Zoonotic mites

A
  • Cheyletiella

- Trombicula - chigger mites

43
Q

Difference btw. the other ectoparasitic mites

A
  • Cheyletiella: “comb” at end of all legs, large palps with claws
  • Trombicula autumnalis - harvest/chigger mites: only larvea feed on skin of vertebrates - 6 legs!, orange, small mouthparth, scutum, long, ciliated setae
  • Dermanyssus gallinae - red mites: larvea are non-feeding, “spider-like”, red when fully engorged - brown before, scutum, long legs (1st goes forward, 2nd is bent) and chelicerae (mouthpart), nocturnal - in dark cracks during daytime
44
Q

Ticks in different animal species

A 
Soft ticks:
-Argas persicus: poultry, wild birds
-Argas reflexus: pigeons (occasionally mammals)
Hard ticks:
-Ixodes ricinus
-Dermacentor marginatus
-D.reticulatus 
Haemaphysalis punctata
-Rhipicephalus spp.
45
Q

Can be transmitted by…

  1. Blood sucking lice
  2. Fleas
  3. Bugs
  4. Lesser mealworm
  5. Mosquitos
  6. Blackflies
  7. Sandflies
  8. Biting midges
  9. Horse flies
  10. Tsetse flies
  11. Forest flies
  12. Muscoid flies
  13. Soft ticks
  14. Hard ticks
A
  1. Blood sucking lice: viruses and bacteria, Rickettsia
  2. Fleas: viruses and bacteria, Rickettsia, some helminths
  3. Bugs: only 2 families: Cimicidae (all) and Reduviidae (partly), not bedbugs, kissing bugs: Trypanosomes
  4. Lesser mealworm: pathogens of poultry: bacteria (eg. Salmonella), viruses (eg. chicken pox), larvea of tapeworms
  5. Mosquitos: viruses (eg. yellow fever), malaria, filaria nematodes
  6. Blackflies: Onchocerca nematodes
  7. Sandflies: Leishmania
  8. Biting midges: viruses (blue tongue)
  9. Horse flies: trypanosomes, filaria nematodes
  10. Tsetse flies: trypanosomes
  11. Forest flies: trypanosomes
  12. Muscoid flies: viruses, bacteria, filaria and spirurid nematodes
  13. Soft ticks: bacterias and viruses
  14. Hard ticks: MANY, Babesia, Theileria, Lyme borreliosis
46
Q

How to differentiate the fly larveas

A
  1. Spiracles
  2. Cephalopharyngeal skeletons
    Spiracles:
    -Calliphora: complete peritreme, three distinct long
    -Hydrotaea:
    -Stomoxys: no distrinct border og
    -Musca
    -Lucilia
    -Sarcophaga: incomplete peritreme
47
Q

Difference btw. the mosquitos

A
  • Anopheles: resting position: straight, acute angle w. surface (of host). Palp of female is as long as sucking mouthpart, male is fork-like. Length of 3rd leg is 5x as abdomen. Eggs single and boat-shaped. Larve is parallel to water surface.
  • Aedes: resting position: bended at thorax, whole body parallel to surface (of host).
  • Culex: eggs in groups. Larvea is in angle with water surface.
  • Female: piercing-sucking mouthparts and pilose (hairy) antennae
  • Male: reduced/no maxillae, mandibles and plumose (feathery) antennae

Parasitology (16 decks)

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