MT 2 random Flashcards
Lice in general
- Host-specific
- Permanent ectoparasites
- Live for 1-5 months
- Chewing/biting lice: Amblycera, Ischnocera
- Blood sucking: Anopleura
- Survival off the host: 1-4 days for blood-sucking, 1-2 weeks for chewing/biting
- In birds and mammals, but pig, rabbits and humans have no chewing/biting lice and cat and birds have no blood sucking lice
Lice morphology
- 1-14 mm (females bigger)
- Ventrodors. flattened
- Wingless
- Reduced/absent eyes
- 9 abdominal segments, with 6 pairs of spiracles
Difference btw. chewing/biting and blood sucking lice
- Head is wider than thorax in c/b, narrower in b.s.
- 3-5 segmented antennae in c/b, 5 in b.s.
- 1-2 tarsal claws in c/b, one single in b.s.
Species of chewing/biting lice
Suborder Amblycera: -Menopan Gallinae: chicken -Trinoton anserinum: goose -T.querquedulae: duck Suborder Ischnocera: -Werneckiella equi: horse -Bovicola bovis: cattle -B.ovis: sheep -B.caprae: goat -Trichodectes canis: dog -Felicola subrostratus: cat -Lipeurus caponis: chicken -Columbicola columbae: pigeon
Species of blood sucking lice
- Haematopinus suis: pig
- Haematopinus eurysternus: cattle
- Haematopinus asini: horse
- Phthirus pubis: hu + gorilla
- Haemodipsus ventricosus: rabbit
- Pediculus humanus: hu
- P.pubis: hu
- Solenopotes capillatus: cattle
- Linognathus vituli: cattle
- L. stenopsis: sheep
- L. setosus: sheep, goat
- L. pedalis: sheep
- L. ovillus: sheep
- Polyplax serrata
Difference btw. the species of chewing/biting lice
(don´t need to distinguish the species, only that it is a chewing/biting lice, but)
- Columbicola columbae: very long body, found in the wing of the bird
- Felicola subrostratus: head looks like a house
- Trichodectes and Bovicola looks similar, don´t need to distinguish
Difference btw. the species of blood sucking lice
- Haematopinus eurysternus: very large arms
- Solenopotes capillatus: small nose, first legs shorter
- Linognathus: long nose, first legs shorter
Lice: development, clinical signs and diagnosis
Development:
-Epimorphosis with 3 nymphal stages (takes ca. 1 month), sometimes parthenogenesis (B.bovis)
-Eggs (nits) firmly attached to hairs/fleece/feathers
-Nymph resembles adults
Clinical signs:
-Factor disease (usually winter)
-Scratching, intense grooming, alopecia, anaemia, weight loss, excoriation, dermatitis, hide and fleece damage, lameness in sheep
Diagnosis: based on clinical signs and presence of eggs (nits), nymphs or adults
Fleas in general
- Non-host specific
- Permanent ectoparasites
- Adults sucks blood many times per day
- Development in surrounding
Species of fleas
Order Siphonaptera
- Cterocephalidus canis: dog, cat, man
- C.felis: cat, dog, man
- Pulex irritans: man, dog, cat, pig
- Spilopsyllus gallinae: domestic poultry, man, pet animals
- Tunga penetrans: man (sand flies!)
- Echnidophaga gallinae: fowl, dog, cat, rabbit, horse, man
Where can we find the eggs of fleas?
Environment! Must both treat animals and the environment (hoover)
Fleas morphology
-1-6mm, lat. flattened, wingless
-short antennae in recess
-eye: ocellus (not compound)
-piercing-sucking mouthpart
-one or two combs - ctenidia: on head/thorax
-10 abd. segments
Larvea:
-head with chewing moutparts (eat adult flea faeces)
-13 body sergments
-no legs, just antennae!
Fleas: development, clinical signs and diagnosis
Development:
-holometamorphosis w. 3 larveal stages
-eggs laid on host but drop off
-larvea has head with chewing moutparts and 13 body sergments, feed on faeces of adults and debris
-3rd larvea spins cocoon, pupation within cocoon
-Tunga penetrans (jigger): only MALE sucks blood, female digs into skin and becomes nodule
-Echidnophaga gallinacea: embedded in skin around eyes, cloaca, wattles of birds or ear canals of mammals
Clinical signs:
-restlessness, scratching, intense grooming, anaemia
-FAD-flea-bite-allergy if repeated bites
-Dogs: hot spot in lumbosacral/gluteal region
-Cats: miliary dermatitis
Diagnosis:
-eggs collected by comb
-use cotton to see blood contents of flea dirt (black + red around)
-exam. of surroundings, Diphylidium tapeworms in dogs and cats
-serological ELISA to detect IgG/IgE in dogs and cats with FAD
Bugs in general
- Cimex lectularis: bed bug
- Triatoma spp: assassin/kissing bug
- Temporary, blood-sucking ectoparasites
- Nocturnal
- Mammals+birds
Morphology of bugs
- Dorsovent. flattened
- 4-segmented antennae
- 3-segm. beak and tarsus
Morphology of bed bug
- 5-7mm, reddish-brown
- Has scent-gland
- Fore-wings reduced, hind-wings absent
- Blood sucking mouthparts
- 11 segm. abdomen
- Respiratory spiracles vent.
Morphology of kissing bug
- 20-28mm, elongated
- Membraneous hind-wings, triangular shield bw.
What can Triatoma spp. transmit?
Trypanosomas
Bugs development, clinical signs and diagnosis
Development:
-Epimorphosis w. 5 nymphal stages
-In cracks/crevices
-Nymphs resembles adults, suck blood before moulting to next stage
Diagnosis:
-Disagreeable odor, specks of faeces, traces of blood-sucking (painless bites)
Lesser mealworm/darkling beetle (everything)
- Alphitobius diaperinus
- Not parasitic but pest of stored products (feed, litter, manure, dead birds, nests of wild birds)
- Reservoir of poultry pathogens
- Tunneling activity damages insulation materials of poultry houses
- O.Coleoptera
- 5mm, dark reddish-brown to bright black
- Holometamorphosis with 7-11 larval instars
- Larvea: worm-like, yellowish-brown - feed on spilled feed/dead birds and chew holes in insulation for pupation
Diptera in general
(tovinger)
- Single pair of membranous wings and pair of halteres
- If parasitic: adults externally, larvea in wounds/tissues/GIT
- Can be vectors of imp. pathogens
- Holometamorphosis
- Suborders: Nematocera and Brachycera
- Brachycera has two divisions: Orthorrhapha and Cyclorrhapha
Difference bw. Nematocera and Brachycera
Nematocera:
-long, many segmented antennae
-piercing-sucking mouthparts
-only the females parasitic
-larvea and (mummy-like) pupae are aquatic
Brachycera - Orthorrhapha: straight slit puparium
-stout, 3 segm. antennae
-slashing-sponging mouthparts
-only the females feeds on blood
-larvea and (mummy-like) pupae are aquatic
Brachycera - Cyclorrhapha: circular slit puparium
-short, 3 segm. antennae
-sponging or piercing-sucking mouthparts
-both male and females feeds on blood
-larvea and (barrel-like) pupae are terrestrial
Species of Nematocera
- Fam.Culicidae: Anopheles, Culex, Aedes spp. (mosquitos)
- Fam.Simuliidae: Simulium spp. (blackflies)
- Fam.Psychodidae: Phlebotomus spp. (sandflies)
- Fam.Ceratopogonidae: Culicoides spp. (biting midges)
Species of Brachycera
Orthorrhapha
-Fam.Tabanidae: Tabanus, Chrysops, Haematopota spp. (horse flies)
Cyclorrhapha
-Fam.Glossinidae: Glossina morsitans, G.pallidipes (tsetse flies)
(muscoid flies):
-Fam.Fannidae: Fannia canicularis
-Fam.Muscidae: Musca, Stomoxys, Haematobia spp.
Species of Myiases
Fly larvea - maggots (Diptera-Cyclorrhapha)
- Blowflies: Fam.Calliphoridae: Lucilia sericata, S.cuprina, Cochliomyia hominivoreax
- Fleshflies: Fam.Sarcophagidae - Wohlfarthia magnifica
- Warble flies: Fam.Oestridae, Subfam.Hypodermatinae: Hypoderma bovis, H.lineatum (cattle)
- Botflies: Fam.Gasterophilinae: Gasterophilus intestinalis, nasalis, haemorrhoidalis, pecorum
- Sheep nasal botfly: Subfam.Oestrinae: Oestrus bovis
Species of Arachnida
Order Acariformes
Suborder Astigmata:
*Burrowing mites:
-Fam.Sarcoptidae: Sarcoptes scabiei, Notoedres cati
-Fam.Knemidokoptidae - Knemidokoptes spp.
*Non-burrowing mites:
-Fam.Psoroptidae: Psoroptes spp., Chorioptes spp., Otodectes spp.
Suborder Prostigmata:
-Fam.Demodicidae: Demodex spp. (hair follicle mites)
-Fam.Cheyletiellidae: Cheyletiella spp. (hair coat mites)
-Fam.Trombiculidae (Trombicula autumnalis)
Suborder Mesostigmata:
-Fam.Dermanyssidae: Dermanyssus gallinae (red mites)
Suborder Metastigmata:
-Fam.Argasidae: Argas spp. (soft ticks)
-Fam.Ixodidae: Ixodes, Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis, Rhipicephalus spp. (hard ticks)
Difference bw. soft and hard tick
Soft: -NO plates/shields on body -Feed many times in nymphal+adult stages -More nymphal stages occur in course of development Hard: -Hard shield and stiff plates on body -Feed only ONCE in course of development -ONE nymphal stage in course of development
Types of hair follicle mite infection in dog
Demodex canis:
- Localized or squamous demodicosis: < 2 years, on muzzle, around eyes, over bony projections of extremities circumscribed areas of erythema, alopecia, seborrhea, desquamation, hyperpigmentation, usually no pruritus
- Generalized/pustular demodicosis: in few cases lesions spread to most part of body surface, sparse haircoat, coarse skin, dry and erythematous (red mange) w. sec. staphylococcal pyoderma, lymphadenopathy, lethargym fever
- Pododemodicosis: rare, edematous, painfull swellings of distal part of legs
Types of follicle mite infection in cat
Demodex cati / D.gatoi: 3 forms
-Localized/squamous (head, neck) form: circumscribed alopecia and seborrhea on head and neck
-Generalized/pustular form: continious lesions on body, freq. with pyoderma
-Ceruminous demodectic otitis externa: similar to otodectic mange
(bad smell, wounds on head, itching)
Types of mange in dogs
- Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis - Sarcoptic mange - Zoonotic! Highly contageous, spread by direct contact, 10 days - 8 weeks incubation period, spread from edge of ear pinna, above eyes, elbows, mostly ventral surface, with seborrhea, lymphadenopathy and emaciation
- Otodectes cynotis - Otodectic mange: otitis externa, excess of dark cerumen, purulent inflammation and discharge, ear scratching, head-shaking
- Notoedres cati - Notoedric mange (rare) - young dogs
Types of mange in cats
- Notoedres cati - Notoedric mange (face): from edge of ear pinna spread to face, neck, paws and tails
- Otodectes cynotis - Otodectic mange (common!)
Clinical signs of sheep nasal botfly
Nasal dischargem sneezing, rubbing of nose, unthriftiness, circling and incoordination (´false gid¨), weight loss
Nervous problems
Ophthalmomyiasis in dogs, humans
Clinical signs of wable flies
- H.bovis: panicking, paraplegia
- H.lineatum: faulty regurgitation
- Anaphylaxis, production loss
Position on body of muscoid flies
- Stomoxys calcitrans (stable fly): lower parts (belly, limbs)
- Musca autumnalis (face fly): face (feed on secretions around eyes)
- Haematobia irritans (horn fly): around horns, back and sides in a downward pointing position
Difference btw. the different mites
Burrowing: short legs!
1. Sarcoptes: long, unsegmented pedicel with small ambulacrum/ampulla at end of the legs (“zoom in”). “Roof” on back. Male has a pedicel with ampulla on 4th leg too.
2. Notoedres: same as Sarcoptes, but has “fingerprint” structure on back
3. Legs not really over the body - “burried”. Male has pedicel with ampulla on both 3+4th leg.
Non-burrowing mites: long legs!
1. Both front and hind legs are long, doesn´t go into skin. First 2 legs has 3 segmented pedicel with large ampulla. Male has large, 3 segm. pedicel with ampulla on 3rd leg too. Female has this on 4th leg.
2. Chorioptes: long legs, short unsegmented pedicel with large ampulla. Shape of body more enlongated. Male has pedicel with ampulla on all 4 legs, female no ampulla on 3rd leg.
3. Otodectes: same as Chorioptes - ask for animal sp. Male has pedicel with ampulla on all 4 legs, female only first 2 legs.
Which mites can be found in the different species of animals?
- Horse: Sarcoptes scabiei var. equi, Psoroptes cuniculi, P.ovis, Chorioptes bovis
- Cattle: Sarcoptes scabiei var. bovis, P.ovis, C.bovis
- Sheep (goats): Sarcoptes scabiei var. ovis, P.ovis, P.cuniculi, C.bovis
- Pig: Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis
- Dog: Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis, Otodectes cynotis, Notoedres cati
- Cat: Notoedres cati, Otodectes cynotis
- Birds: Knemidokoptes gallinae (depluming itch), K.mutans (scaly leg), K.pilae (scaly face)
- Rabbit: Psoroptes cuniculi (ear cancer), Notoedres cati, Sarcoptes scabiei,
Diagnosis of skin mites
- Anamnesis: contact w. other animals, severe pruritus of sudden onset
- Deep skin scraping to detect BURROWING mites: dip a scalpel blade into mineral oil, make a skinfold, and scrape holding the blade perpendicularly to the surface until blood seeps
- Superficial skin scraping to detect NON-BURROWING mites - the detritus, from edge of lesions into an ointment or vial
- Collection of dark cerumen by swabbing ear canal w. cotton/attachement of scabby material from meatus with pledget of cotton wool held in forceps
- Placed directly on microscope slide samples maybe lightened and warmed by a lamp from above
- Dissolve the keratinous substance of skin by heating in 10% Na/K-hydroxide/boiled in glass tube, centrifuged and exam. of sediment
- Skin therapy or response to treatment to help diagnosis
- Occasionally faecal flotation to reveal mites or eggs
- ELISA for sarcoptic mange of dogs
Diagnosis of hair follicle mites
Demodex spp.
- Anamnesis: systemic disease, immunodeficiency
- Typical lesions (clinical signs) > deep skin scrapings
Cheyletiella in different animal species
-Dog: C.yasguri
-Cat: C.blakei
-Rabbit: C.parasitivorax
Zoonotic! Hu: red, itching lesions
Cheyletiella clinical signs
- Usually absent, mainly in young colonies, in poor conditions
- Mild dermatitis, scaling skin (“walking dandruff”, greasy and sparse hair, pruritus
- Dogs: diffusively
- Cats: head, above spinal column
- Rabbit: scapular, gluteal region
Difference btw. eggs of lice, fly and Cheyletiella mites
Look at the inner part of the egg - can find the longitudinal shape of larvea
- Lice: skeleton of lice (head, thorax, abdomen)
- Botflies: no legs, small mouthpart,
- Cheyletiella: skeleton of lice, has 6 legs, hooks
Zoonotic mites
- Cheyletiella
- Trombicula - chigger mites
Difference btw. the other ectoparasitic mites
- Cheyletiella: “comb” at end of all legs, large palps with claws
- Trombicula autumnalis - harvest/chigger mites: only larvea feed on skin of vertebrates - 6 legs!, orange, small mouthparth, scutum, long, ciliated setae
- Dermanyssus gallinae - red mites: larvea are non-feeding, “spider-like”, red when fully engorged - brown before, scutum, long legs (1st goes forward, 2nd is bent) and chelicerae (mouthpart), nocturnal - in dark cracks during daytime
Ticks in different animal species
Soft ticks: -Argas persicus: poultry, wild birds -Argas reflexus: pigeons (occasionally mammals) Hard ticks: -Ixodes ricinus -Dermacentor marginatus -D.reticulatus Haemaphysalis punctata -Rhipicephalus spp.
Can be transmitted by…
- Blood sucking lice
- Fleas
- Bugs
- Lesser mealworm
- Mosquitos
- Blackflies
- Sandflies
- Biting midges
- Horse flies
- Tsetse flies
- Forest flies
- Muscoid flies
- Soft ticks
- Hard ticks
- Blood sucking lice: viruses and bacteria, Rickettsia
- Fleas: viruses and bacteria, Rickettsia, some helminths
- Bugs: only 2 families: Cimicidae (all) and Reduviidae (partly), not bedbugs, kissing bugs: Trypanosomes
- Lesser mealworm: pathogens of poultry: bacteria (eg. Salmonella), viruses (eg. chicken pox), larvea of tapeworms
- Mosquitos: viruses (eg. yellow fever), malaria, filaria nematodes
- Blackflies: Onchocerca nematodes
- Sandflies: Leishmania
- Biting midges: viruses (blue tongue)
- Horse flies: trypanosomes, filaria nematodes
- Tsetse flies: trypanosomes
- Forest flies: trypanosomes
- Muscoid flies: viruses, bacteria, filaria and spirurid nematodes
- Soft ticks: bacterias and viruses
- Hard ticks: MANY, Babesia, Theileria, Lyme borreliosis
How to differentiate the fly larveas
- Spiracles
- Cephalopharyngeal skeletons
Spiracles:
-Calliphora: complete peritreme, three distinct long
-Hydrotaea:
-Stomoxys: no distrinct border og
-Musca
-Lucilia
-Sarcophaga: incomplete peritreme
Difference btw. the mosquitos
- Anopheles: resting position: straight, acute angle w. surface (of host). Palp of female is as long as sucking mouthpart, male is fork-like. Length of 3rd leg is 5x as abdomen. Eggs single and boat-shaped. Larve is parallel to water surface.
- Aedes: resting position: bended at thorax, whole body parallel to surface (of host).
- Culex: eggs in groups. Larvea is in angle with water surface.
- Female: piercing-sucking mouthparts and pilose (hairy) antennae
- Male: reduced/no maxillae, mandibles and plumose (feathery) antennae
