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Parasitology > MT 1 random > Flashcards

MT 1 random Flashcards

1
Q

Coccidiosis based on location in intestines

A 
Duodenum: 
-E.acervulina (chicken)
-E.intestinalis, E.magna, E.irresidua (rabbit)
-(+ I.felis, I.rivolta, I.canis, I.ohioensis, I.burrowsi)
Jejunum: 
-E.acervulina, E.brunetti, E.necatrix, E.maxima
-(+ E.anseris, E.nocens - geese)
-E.intestinalis, E.magna, E.irresidua
-(+ I.suis, I.felis, I.rivolta, I.canis, I.ohioensis, I.burrowsi)
Ileum: 
-E.brunetti, E.necatrix
-(+ E.anseris, E.nocens)
-E.intestinalis, E.magna, E.irresidua 
-E.bovis, E.zuernii (cattle)
-(+ I.suis, I.felis, I.rivolta, I.canis, I.ohioensis, I.burrowsi)
Caecum: 
-E.brunetti, E.tenella
-E.flavescens, E.piriformis (rabbit)
-E.bovis, E.zuernii
Colon: 
-E.brunetti
-E.bovis, E.zuernii
Rectum: 
-E.brunetti
Cloaca:
-E.brunetti
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2
Q

Intestines - how to know which part?

A
  • Duodenum: can see the pancreas
  • Villi: only in lumen of small intestines
  • Birds: have 2x caecum
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3
Q

Coccidiosis species

A
  • Chicken: E.tenella, E.necatrix, E.brunetti, E.maxima, E.acervulina, E.mitis, E.praecox
  • Geese: Int. form: E.anseris, E.nocens or renal form: E.truncata
  • Cattle: E.bovis, E.zuernii
  • Rabbit: Biliary form - E.stiedai or Int. form - E.intestinalis, E.magna, E.irresidua, E.flavescens, E.piriformis
  • Pig: I.suis
  • Cats: I.felis, I.rivolta
  • Dog: I.canis, I.ohioensis, I.burrowsi
  • Sheep: E.bakuensis
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4
Q

Parasites found with flotation method

A
  • Giardia duodenalis
  • Entamoeba histolytica
  • Coccidiosis of chicken - Eimeria
  • Coccidiosis of geese - Eimeria (int. and renal form)
  • Coccidiosis of cattle - Eimeria (not enough)
  • Coccidiosis of rabbit - Eimeria (biliary and int. form) (not enough)
  • Coccidiosis of pig - Eimeria and Isospora suis
  • Coccidiosis of Ca - Isospora
  • Cryptosporidium
  • Toxoplasma gondii (cat faeces only)
  • Sarcocystiosis - intestinal sarcosporidiosis
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5
Q

Parasites found with feacal smear

A
  • Giardia duodenalis
  • Entamoeba histolytica
  • Coccidiosis of pig - Eimeria and Isospora suis
  • Cryptosporidium
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6
Q

Oocytes characteristics of different parasites

A
  • Coccidiosis - Eimeria: can be sporulated or unsporulated. Sporulated oocyte contain 4 sporocysts each with 2 banana-shaped sporozoites. Has a polar cap. Unsporulated contains a zygote within the shell.
  • Coccidiosis - Isospora: sporulated oocyst contains 2 sporocyst with four sporozoites each (Ø cap)
  • I.suis: spherical
  • I.felis: oval
  • Cryptosporidium: spherical/elliptical w. obscure internal structure (four sporozoites) (Kinyoun staining)
  • Toxoplasma gondii: sporulated oocysts contains 2 sporocysts with 4 sporozoites each (Ø cap - sim. to Isospora) - indistinguishable from Hammondia Hammondi.
  • Sarcocystiosis: sporulated oocysts contains two sporocysts with 4 sporozoites each
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7
Q

Necessary for sporulation

A
  • Temp.
  • O2
  • Water
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8
Q

Staining types and parasites their used for

A
  • Giemsa: pink/purple/blue (Trypanosomas, Leishmania, Giardia, Trichomonas, Cryptosporidium, Babesia, Theileria)
  • Kinyon: blue - parasites are red/white (Cryptosporidium,
  • PAS: pink/purple/blue (Histomonas, Encephalitozoa)
  • Zeehle-Neelsen: blue - parasites pink/purple (Cryptosporidium, Encephalitozoa)
  • Safranin-methylene: safranin - red, MB - blue (Cryptosporidium)
  • Gram: pink/purple/blue (Histomonas: G-, Encephalitozoa: G+)
  • HE stain: pink/purple/blue (Sarcocystiosis)
  • Lugol: yellow/brown (Giardia, Entamoeba)
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9
Q

Parasites found in kidney

A
  • Histomonas: necrotic lesions
  • Coccidiosis of geese - Eimeria truncata: enlarged and cut surface with greyish-white foci
  • Cryptosporidiosis in birds: rarely histological changes
  • Sarcocystiosis: necrotic lesions, groups of merozoites or small schizonts in smears
  • Babesiosis: degeneration
  • Encephalitozoon: 2-4 mm large greyish dents on the surface (rabbits and dogs)
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10
Q

Parasites found in blood

A

-Trypanosoma dourine (peripheral blood sample/motility/microscopic exam. bw. BC and P/smear w. Giemsa)
-Trypanosoma nagana (peripheral blood sample/motility/microscopic exam. bw. BC and P)
-Trypanosoma surra (smear w. Giemsa)
-Hepatozoon canis (elliptic gamonts in neutrophilic granulocytes/monocytes)
-Babesiosis (piroplasms in RBC´s - Giemsa, red nucleus,
blue cytoplasm)
-Theileria (merozoites in RBC´s - Giemsa)

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11
Q

Parasites found in liver

A
  • Leishmania: enlarged, biopsy
  • Trichomonas of birds: necrotic lesions in hepatic and generalized forms
  • Histomonas: deep, circular, crateriform necrotic foci (0.5-2.0 cm) w. sharp edges, dry cut surface, generalized form in guinea fowl: wet cut surface of liver
  • Coccidiosis of rabbit - Eimeria stiedai (biliary form): hepatomegaly, greyish yellow nodules
  • Hepatozoon canis: inflammatory infiltrates, necroses
  • Toxoplasmosis: necrotic foci and granulomas (rabbits)
  • Sarcocystiosis: necrotic lesions
  • Babesiosis: degeneration
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12
Q

Parasites found in intestines

A
  • Giardia duodenalis
  • Histomonas meleagridis (ceacum)
  • Entamoeba histolytica
  • Coccidiosis of chicken - Eimeria
  • Coccidiosis of geese - Eimeria
  • Coccidiosis of cattle - Eimeria
  • Coccidiosis of pig - Eimeria and Isospora suis
  • Coccidiosis of Ca - Isospora
  • Cryptosporidium of mammals+birds
  • Sarcocystiosis - intestinal sarcosporidiosis
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13
Q

Parasites found in skin scrapings/biopsy/tissue culture

A
  • Leishmania - skin scrapings
  • Besnoitia besnoiti - skin biopsy
  • Toxoplasma gondii (tissue culture)
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14
Q

Parasites found in biopsy

A
  • Leishmania (from lnn/liver/spleen/BM/skin - Giemsa)
  • Theileria (ln - Giemsa)
  • Toxoplasmosis (stained or by IFAT)
  • Besnoitia besnoiti (skin)
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15
Q

Parasites found in genitals

A
  • Trypanosoma equiperdum (scraping of muc.mem. in fresh cases)
  • Trichomonas foetus (washing preputium w. phys. saline or special sol; collecting of vaginal/uteral discharge; seminal fluids)
  • Besnoitia besnoiti (cysts)
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16
Q

Parasites found in respiratory tract

A
  • Besnoitia besnoiti (cysts)

- Cryptosporidium of birds

17
Q

Parasites found in oseophagus

A
  • Trichomonas gallinae (also in crop)

- Sarcocystiosis (cysts)

18
Q

Parasites found in skin lesions

A

-Histomonas meleagridis

19
Q

Parasites found with oocyst counting (OPG)

A
  • Coccidiosis of chicken - Eimeria - Mc.Master method
  • Coccidiosis of cattle - Eimeria - Mc.Master method
  • Coccidiosis of rabbit - Eimeria (int. form)
20
Q

Parasites found in eye

A

-Besnoitia besnoiti (cysts in sclera, conjunctiva)

21
Q

Parasites found in heart

A

-Sarcocystiosis (cysts)

22
Q

Parasites found in muscles

A

-Sarcocystiosis - muscle sarcosporidiosis

23
Q

Parasites found in urine

A

-Encephalitozoon cuniculi

24
Q

Important for Cryptosporidiosis

A
  • Autoinfection
  • IC but extracytoplasmic
  • Kinyoun staining: red (thick wall) and white (thin wall) are the oocysts, with blue background (good for small parasites).
25
Q

Coccidiosis life cycle

A
  1. Oocyst swallowed by animal and goes into gut.
  2. O. release sporocysts which release sporozoites which invade gut cells and build Scizonts w. trophozoites inside –> Schizogony/Merogony
  3. Schizonts release MZ which infect new gut cells.
  4. MZ Build macrogamonts (female) and microgamonts (male) sperms - Miro goes over to Macro –> Gametogony
  5. Grows zygot and black cell nucleus
  6. Zygot becomes oocyst. Younger oocyst builds wall (protein).
  7. Free unsporulated oocyst is shredded in faeces.
  8. ..
26
Q

Form of parasites we detect in different species

A
  • Trypanosomas: trypomastigotes - motile trypanosomas in blood
  • Leishmania: amastigote in smears/scrapings
  • Giardia: trophozoites (vegetative form) - pear shaped, symmetrical, two nuclei, two axostyles and 4 pairs of flagella, or cysts (infectious form)
  • Trichomonas foetus: trophozoites - pear shaped, one flagella forming membrane backwards, 3 flagella forwards
  • Trichomonas gallinae: trophozoites - pear shaped, one flagella forming membrane backwards, 4 flagella forwards
  • Histomonas: flagellate form (1 flagella) in caecal lumen, ameboid (Ø flagella) form in tissues - pleomorphic
  • Entamoeba: trophozoites (vegetative form) - irregular shape and vesicle-like nucleus or cysts (infectious form) - round with 4 nuclei
  • Eimeria: unsporulated and sporulated oocysts, schizonts (macroschizont or globidium) or merozoites - long, crescent shaped (inside schizont)
  • Isospora: unsporulated and sporulated oocysts
  • Cryptosporidiosis, Toxoplasmosis, Sarcocystiosis: oocysts
  • Besnoitia: cysts in sclera, conjuctiva, RT and genitals
  • Hepatozoon: elliptic gamonts in monocytes (sausage like)
  • Babesiosis: piroplasms in blood
  • Theileria: schizonts in biopsy of ln., Koch´s bodies in lymphyctes or merozoites - rod-shaped and blue, round, oval and ring-shaped forms, in blood.
  • Encephalitozoon: spores in urine of rabbits
27
Q

Parasites in carnivores

A
  • Trypanosoma brucei + congolense (nagana) + brucei evansi (surra)
  • Leishmania (+hu)
  • Giardia (mainly dogs, +mammals +birds)
  • Entamoeba histolytica (+Hu, monkey, kitten, young dog)
  • Coccidiosis - I.felis, I.rivolta, I.canis, I.ohioensis, I.burrowsi
  • Hepatozoon canis (only)
  • Sarcocystiosis (final host)
  • Toxoplasmosis gondii (final h. felinae, im. mammals+birds)
  • Babesia canis + vogeli + gibsoni
28
Q

Parasites in birds

A
  • Histomonas meleagridis (only)
  • Trichomonas gallinae (only)
  • Cryptosporidium baileyi + meleagridis (only)
  • Coccidiosis - Eimeria…
29
Q

Parasites in horses

A
  • Trypanosoma equiperdum (dourine) + brucei brucei (nagana) + brucei evansi (surra) + equinum
  • Sarcosporidia equicanis (im. host)
  • Babesia caballi
  • Theileria equi
30
Q

Parasites in cattle

A
  • Trypanosoma vivax (nagana) + brucei evansi (surra)
  • Besnoitia besnoiti (im. host)
  • Trichomonas foetus (only)
  • Sarcosporidia hirsuta (im. host)
  • Cryptosporidium parvum + muris (many mammals, esp. young calves)
  • Coccidiosis - E.zuernii + bovis
  • Babesia divergens + bovis + bigemina + major
  • Theileria annulata (Ru)
31
Q

Parasites in sheep

A
  • Sarcosporidia ovicanis + gigantea (im. host)

- Theileria annulata (Ru)

32
Q

Parasites in pigs

A

-Coccidiosis - I.suis + Eimeria

33
Q

Parasites in rabbits

A
  • Coccidiosis - E.stiedai + inestinal eimeria

- Encephalitozoon cuniculi (mammals, mainly rabbits)

34
Q

Histological findings of Coccidiosis of chickens

A
  • E.acervulina: duodenum+jejunum, visible white foci or transverse bands - “ladder like”, content watery, mucus w/ø blood → not really dangerous
  • E.maxima: mid-small int. Petechia, with blood (more dangerous) on surface of int. mucosa, infected area = “salt and pepper like”
  • E.necatrix: jejunum+ileum, haemorrhagic, thickened, swollen, unclotted blood in lumen, scattered white spots - “pepper and salt like”
  • E.tenella: caecum, enlarged, extensive haemorrhages, unclotted/partially/clotted blood in lumen, deep erosions of epithelium, long-term: caseous material in lumen adhere to mucosa
  • E.brunetti: low small int., prox. caecum, colon, rectum, cloaca, haemorrhagic, catarrhal exudate and coag. necrosis, sometimes petechia on tip of villi in rectum - “-ladder like”
35
Q

Parasites using serological methods

A
  • Trypanosoma Dourine + Nagana
  • Leishmania
  • Trichomonas foetus
  • Besnoitia besnoiti
  • Babesia
  • Theileria
36
Q

Parasites using immunological methods

A
  • Giardia
  • Trichomonas foetus
  • Entamoeba
  • Cryptosporidiosis
  • Toxoplasmosis (Sabin Feldman dye test, Complement Fixation Test, ELISA, IHAT, IFAT)
  • Encephalitozoon (IFAT, CIA, IIR)
37
Q

Parasites using PCR technique

A
  • Leishmania
  • Cryptosporidiosis (molecular techniques)
  • Toxoplasmosis (human CSF)
38
Q

Distinktiv clinical sign with parasites

A
  • Babesia: icterus
  • Trypanosoma - dourine: dollar spots
  • T. - Nagana: odeama of limbs and genitals
  • T. - Equinum: paralysis of HL and hips
  • Cryptosporidium mammals: v. bloody diarrhea, young calves
  • Cryptosporidium birds: signs of resp. dis.
  • Coccidia: watery diarrhoea
  • Histomonas: black come
  • Leishmania: creeping eruption
  • Theileria: swelling of lnn., dyspnoea, tachycardia, petechial hemorrhages on vulva, under tongue

Parasitology (16 decks)

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