Rosenthal Tutorial Questions 51- 75 Flashcards
Q51
T or F
Classical conditioning, as developed by Ivan Pavlov, is also known as respondent conditioning.
True
Hint: think Reflex, like the dog’s reflex to salivate when it heard the bell
Skinner - Operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning)
Q52
_____is an attitude scale that asks the individual how much they agree or disagree with something.
This type of scale is very common on questionnaires; the Strong Interest Inventory uses this type of scale.
Likert Scale.
*How much do you like it(rt)?
Q53
What technique did Franz Anton Mesmer help develop?
hypnosis
Note - Freud tried, but was not a successful hypnotist
Q54
How does psychodynamic therapy differ from classical psychoanalysis?
face to face
shorter, therefor less expensive
This is a projective measure assessment tool where individuals are presented with ambiguous pictures and asked to create stories about them, revealing insights into their unconscious thoughts, motivations, and personality.
TAT/ Thematic Apperception Test
Q56
You see a lowercase r in a statistical study in one of your journals. What does it mean?
r signifies a Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, which is a parametric correlation coefficient. (r - peaRson)
Correlation coefficients run from –1 through 0 up to +1.
A correlation simply shows a relationship, the strength or magnitude of a relationship, or the lack of a relationship between two variables.
T or F: Correlation does not imply causation
True
A positive correlation occurs when two factors, X and Y, change in the same direction.
A negative correlation, (inverse correlation) occurs when one variable goes up and the other goes down.
Bonus: correlation of 0 is indicative of no relationship or association between the variables. Ex: IQ and the number of shoes sold.
Q57
Name and briefly describe the ego states in TA, a.k.a. transactional analysis, created by psychiatrist Eric Berne.
PAC
Parent - could, should, must; expectation from others
Adult - present moment, rational, logical, decisions based on intellect
Child - impulsive/ spontaneous, archaic brain
Q58
Name and describe the ego states in Freud’s theory.
id - primitive unconscious; pleasure principle; chaotic, no sense of time
ego - reality principle; rational self; balance between id and superego
superego - ego ideal, who we we think we should be
Q59
The following is an example of which defense mechanism?
An individual is angry at his boss but cannot express it, so they wait until they are home and yell at their kids or dog.
Displacement
Q60
What ego defense mechanism is the main target (most important) for psychoanalysis?
Repression
-something happens to you that is so painful that you automatically forget it.
It occurs involuntarily.
Bonus: Suppression
similar to repression, but it is conscious/ voluntary.
Q61
What famous theorist postulated a series of eight psychosocial stages from birth to old age?
Erik Erikson
first to cover adulthood in development
infancy - trust v. mistrust
toddler - autonomy v. shame/doubt
preschool - initiative v. guilt
grade school - industry v. inferiority
adolescent - role identity v. role confusion
young adult intimacy v. isolation
middle adult - generativity v. stagnation
mature adult - integrity v. despair
Q62
What is a paradoxical technique?
You tell the client to exaggerate the inappropriate symptom or behavior, sometimes in a different setting or changing it slightly instead of telling them not to do the behavior.
Q63
A physician refers a client to you for this technique that consists of hooking the client to a sensitive electronic device that will give a person some sort of biological feedback about their bodily functioning.
biofeedback
any device that offers insight into biological happening, ex: a mirror, bathroom scale.
Biofeedback allows clients to to control the autonomic nervous system processes, such as your hand temperature, your pulse rate, etc.
Q64
Lawrence Kohlberg is best known for his work in what area?
Moral development.
3 levels of moral development:
1) preconventional, 2) conventional, and the 3) postconventional or self-accepted moral level
Q65
Briefly define the Developmental School Counseling (DSC).
a DSC counselor is proactive, is wellness oriented, and has a focus on prevention v. traditionally waiting for students with difficulties to seek them out.
DSC teaches life skills to every student
via the curriculum or through programs
KEY: counselor’s role is to match their work to the developmental growth stages of the children.
This approach to intervention has been embraced by nearly every state.
Q66
What is the difference between a ratio scale of reinforcement and an interval schedule or scale of reinforcement?
Ratio: number
you don’t give the reward until the person does something a certain number of times
Interval: time
a certain amount of time passes by before the behavior is reinforced
Q67
T or F
A token is a secondary reinforcer
True
*Token economy:
Primary reinforcers, things that the client really wants.
-tokens can be turned in at the end of the day or the end of the hour,
The token is said to be a secondary reinforcer or a backup reinforcer because it SYMBOLIZES a primary reinforcer, something the client really wants.
Q68
Joseph Wolpe’s systematic desensitization, which can be used in an individual or a group setting to treat phobias, uses a hierarchy. Explain this concept.
Systematically/ gradually decreasing fear of target fear in 4 steps.
1. relaxation training
2. construct anxiety hierarchy
3. desensitization in imagination
4. in vivo desensitization
Q69
You decide to do a research study with a normal population.
You will have three groups: a control group, a group that receives
three sessions of reality therapy, and a group that receives six sessions
of reality therapy. You want to find out the effect that reality therapy
has on depression. What type of statistical test will you use?
You will use the ANOVA, which stands for analysis of variance.
Parametric test is used when you have two or more groups you want to compare.
Generally, the t-test is used for two groups b/c it works better, so the ANOVA (analysis of variance) is recommended usually for 3 or more groups.
ANOVA stands for ___ __ ____. This is used to determine significant difference between the means of 3 or more groups.
Analysis of Variance
Bonus: The number of “ways” (i.e., a two-way, three-way ANOVA) refers to the number of independent variables.
Q70
A child is taught to relax using a biofeedback meter.
Every time the child relaxes to a desirable level, it activates a model car, which speeds the car around a toy racetrack. In this case, the model car is acting as a ____________.
Positive reinforcer
Hint: We’re trying to do something to increase the probability that relaxation will occur.
Q71
Your supervisor tells you to do a study utilizing the concept of random sampling.
What does this entail?
In random sampling, every member in the population has an equal probability of being selected. The selection of one member of the population has no effect on the selection of another member.
Bonus: in a true experiment, you also need randomization of groups.
Q72
In a classical conditioning experiment, a CS, a bell, caused a dog to salivate. Now, a researcher pairs the bell with a green light. Eventually, the green light alone causes the dog to salivate.
What has occurred?
higher-order conditioning
When you pair
another stimulus or stimuli with the CS, and it takes on the
power of the CS, then higher-order conditioning is evident.
Name the four scales of measurement.
Hint: NOIR
NOIR (from lowest to highest)
Nominal - qualitative rather than a quantitative
Ordinal- ordered categories like first place, second place, or runner up
Interval - quantitative with no absolute zero: things like temperature, an IQ score
Ratio - has an absolute 0 point, such as the price of an item, the Kelvin scale (where 0 is indeed absolute 0 it is truly the coldest possible temperature), height, weight, or the distance of
a golf hole.
T or F
Parametric tests are typically more popular than nonparametric tests.
T
They are more powerful in most cases than nonparametric.
Bonus: Parametric statistics rely on interval and ratio data
Giving Antabuse to an alcoholic client is what type of conditioning?
aversive or noxious stimulus b/c it reduces the attractiveness of a dysfunctional behavior, in this case drinking alcohol
*Antabuse a trade name for the drug disulfiram.
Q75
Piaget mentions four stages, sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations. Describe the major characteristic of the preoperational or second stage.
preoperational: age 2-7
child starts using symbols
*symbolic schema or representational thought
(playing pretend or mimicking behaviors using symbols)
The purpose of a t-test is to determine if there’s a significant difference between means of __ groups.
2
ANOVA = 3 groups (including DV)
