Rosenthal Tutorial Questions 26-50 Flashcards
Fritz Perls developed what brand or modality of psychotherapy?
Gestalt (meaning form, whole, figure,
or configuration).
Implies that the whole is greater than
the sum of its parts.
This approach to therapy is concerned primarily with the here and now; emphasizes confrontation, nonverbal behaviors and dreams.
The need for therapy is based on the notion
that there is a mind–body split causing some psychological problem.
Gestalt - Perls
Bonus: Gestalt has been criticized as having a weak theoretical base. It is often combined
with transactional analysis to make up for this. Gestalt + TA for better outcomes
What is meant by the phrase “Little Albert” versus “Little Hans”?
Little Albert - Watson experiment. Learned fear (of white rat); generalization of fear
Little Hans - Freud experiment, fear of being bitten by a horse; Freud used psychological interventions of the unconscious to treat fear.
The concept of tabula rasa (meaning blank, erased, clean, or scraped slate or tablet) was later reflected in what type of counseling?
The concept implies that a human is born with nothing in their mind and that the environment really serves to mold the person.
Behaviorism - coming from 1600s philosopher John Locke
Who was Anne Roe?
Career theorist
Theory of Personality Development and Career Choice - vocational choices are strongly influenced by two main factors:
1) our personality traits and 2) the way we were raised by our parents.
First career researcher to define a taxonomy (classification of occupational groups (skilled, unskilled, etc.)
Her theory drew heavily on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs b/c she felt the occupation satisfied a need.
Organized jobs into 2 parts
1. fields - science, outdoor, arts and entertainment, etc.
2. levels - skilled, unskilled, professional, managerial, etc.
Q 30
A client tells you in a confidential session that they physically abused their child. You feel you should tell no one because you feel you will be breaching confidentiality.
Is this the right thing to do?
No. Mandate reporting is required in this situation.
It is not only unethical but also illegal not to report it.
Q31
The _ score is a standard score that expresses the number of standard deviations that a raw score is from the mean.
Z score
The technique of pointing out inconsistencies in a client’s behavior is known as ________________________.
Confrontation
Counseling skill that occurs when you restate the client’s message in your own words to let the client know that you, as the helper, really, truly understood what has been said.
Paraphrasing
paraphrasing that focuses on emotion or affect lets you accomplish what we call reflecting or reflection.
Who is Eric Berne?
Father of TA, transactional analysis.
Author: Games People Play and What Do You Say After You Say Hello?
The term theoretical integration or psychotherapy integration is another term for what approach to counseling?
Eclecticism
The field of counseling is moving toward integrative modalities b/c no school of therapy is comprehensive enough to take into account all forms of human behavior or influences.
Transactional Analysis (TA) is based on the idea that people have 3 ego states, the ___, the ____, and the ___.
The Parent
The Adult
The Child
An individual operates from each of these depending on the situation.
Bonus: Transactions are social interactions that can be complementary (parallel), crossed, or ulterior.
Which of the following is the ideal type of transaction according to TA?
A. I’m ok, you’re not ok
B. You’re ok, I’m not ok
C. I’m ok, you’re ok
D. I’m not ok, you’re not ok
C. I’m ok, you’re ok
Bonus = parallel transactions are those that are had in the same ego state.
Q 34
You are a consultant to a therapist who is treating a 29-year-old client. You are helping the therapist decide on a suitable plan of intervention. According to Kaplan, is this a program-centered consultation, a consultee-centered consultation, or a client-centered consultation?
Client-Centered, b/c the focus is on assessing or helping the client.
The consultant does not necessarily have direct contact with the client. The change in the client is usually accomplished via the information that the consultee learns from the consultant.
Bonus:
Program-centered consultation deals with organizational issues
Consultee-centered consultation centers around the consultee (develop skills)
Q 35
Who utilized psychoanalytic theory to explain career choice?
A.A. Brill, particularly emphasized sublimation in career choice.
Bonus: Edward Bodin also used psychoanalytic for career.
Q 36
What is a positive reinforcer?
A positive reinforcer is a stimulus that follows an operant or behavior and raises the probability that that behavior will occur again, or it increases the frequency of the behavior.
Positive reinforcer - stimuli is added after behavior (operant) to increase likeliness of repeating behavior; negative reinforcer - a stimuli is taken away to increase likeliness of repeating behavior
What is the difference between reinforcement and punishment?
Punishment extinguishes a behavior, reinforcer increases the likeliness of repeating/ increasing a behavior.
Punishment can be positive (add something then behavior decreases) or negative (remove something then behavior decreases)
Reinforces always increase behavior; punishment always decreases behavior. punishment is less effective.
Q 37
T or F: Negative reinforcement is the same thing as punishment.
False
Q 38
Who is the father of Analytic Psychology, states that the collective unconscious mind is an unconscious mind that’s common to all humans.
Carl Jung
This component of Jung’s Analytic Psychology is described as are symbols that convey universal meaning to everybody, any place on the planet.
Archetype
Describe the concepts of anima and animus.
Anima - feminine traits denied by men
Animus - masculine traits denied by women
This concept in Jung’s theory is described as a facade that the individual shows the world. It resembles a psychological mask that hides our real feelings and our true personality.
Persona
Q 39
What theorist and theory of counseling and psychotherapy emphasizes the ABC theory of personality?
Albert Ellis - REBT
Activating event
Belief system (which is usually irrational if a client is experiencing unhappiness)
emotional Consequence.
Irrational v. Rational thinking
Bonus: Many insist A causes C.
Ellis says C is caused by B, the person’s belief system.
Q 40
In counseling, what does the term bibliotherapy refer to?
Suggesting/ utilizing literature such as books, articles, audiobooks, podcasts, etc. as a therapeutic intervention.
Q41
A symmetrical bell-shaped curve indicates what type of distribution?
Normal distribution.
Normal Curve looks symmetrical b/c the L half is a mirror image of the R half.
Normal distribution is defined:
68.2% of the population is within +/–1 standard deviation,
95.4% of the population is within two standard deviations, and
99.7% of the population is within +/–3 standard deviations from the mean.
On an exam this might be called the 68–95–99.7 rule or even the 3-sigma rule.
Q 42
The following are the 4 major features of which career theorist/ theory
1) the life stages, 2) the career patterns he delineates, 3) the vocational self-concept, and 4) career or vocational maturity
Donald Super’s career theory.
Bonus: Career Rainbow
A clinical diagnostic question on your exam uses the abbreviation MDD. This will most likely stand for____.
Major Depressive Disorder
mood disorder that interferes with everyday life activities and goes on for at least two weeks.
Impacts women nearly 2x as often as men. When the individual has comorbidity such as substance use disorder or panic disorder it raises the possibility of suicide.
Like suicide, it occurs more in rural than urban settings. 10% - 15% of individuals with this diagnosis will take their own lives.
Q44
What does the acronym WAIS stand for, who created it, and what does it measure?
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.
Most popular standardized IQ test in the world.
The test has a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. It can be administered to persons from 16 to 90 years 11 months.
Bonus: WISC - Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Suitable for children from ages six to 16 years 11 months.
WPPSI- Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of intelligence
Ages 2 years 6 months to 7 years 7 months.
*note, age ranges change often
Q45
During the COVID-19 pandemic, did the number of women in the workforce increase or decrease?
Decrease
Although the pandemic affected nearly everybody, the impact was greater on women than men.
Q46
Which theorist is associated with psychodrama?
Jacob Moreno
termed GROUP therapy and popularized the concept of role playing
Q47
You are a private practice counselor.
A 13-year-old seriously threatens to take their own life using their dad’s old army rifle in the basement.
T or F: It is against the law and unethical for you to tell his parents.
False
According to ethical guidelines, anytime you have a client who is endangering their own life, those of others, or both, you should breach confidentiality.
Which is true?
Men attempt suicide more often but women complete suicide more often.
Women attempt suicide more often but men complete suicide more often.
Women attempt suicide more often (about 4x more than men) but men complete suicide more often (about 3x more than women).
Suicide is the 12th leading cause of death and the 2nd or 3rd leading cause of death in teens each year.
Q48
Should solution-focused counseling and narrative therapy be classified as psychodynamic, behavioristic, cognitive, postmodern, or humanistic approaches?
Postmodern
Along with mindfulness and social constructivist therapies
Q49
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, or MBTI test, is based on whose theory?
Carl Jung (Analytic Theory)
*Emphasizes introversion and extroversion
Q50
In terms of interventions, school counselors provide direct services and indirect services. Is consultation with a teacher a direct service or an indirect service?
Consultation (and coordination) is deemed an indirect service.
Direct service: any direct contact with clients (individual counseling, group counseling, psychoeducation)
