Rosenthal Tutorial Questions 1-25 Flashcards
Lecture Series Review
Who is the theorist associated with logotherapy?
Bonus - what is the type of theory?
Victor Frankl
Explain why classical Freudian analysis would not be considered a form of ahistoric, or ahistorical, therapy.
“ahistoric” means the therapy focuses on the here and now and not on
the past.
Freudian theory focuses heavily on the past.
The American psychologist Carl R. Rogers originally called his theory nondirective or client-centered therapy. What is
the new name for his psychotherapy?
person-centered (1974)
Emphasizes the power of the
self.
In the late ’40s, he called his approach nondirective counseling.
In 1951, he changed it to client-centered counseling or therapy.
Now it is known as person-centered counseling.
Test clue. Your exam may refer to Roger’s concepts as SELF-THEORY
When a counselor speaks of the DOT, what is this helper referring to?
Dictionary of Occupational Titles.
Published by the Employment Training
Administration of the US Department of Labor in 1938
It is the most comprehensive occupational
listing and classification system. It gives brief definitions of about 20,000 occupations. All the occupations have a 9 digit code.
In 1998, the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) was replaced by ___; an online government classification system.
ONET.
benefit: online, easier to update and access than book.
ONET can be accessed online at www.onetonline.org
What type of test is the Rorschach inkblot test or the TAT?
Projective
* Rorschach (most used) - ten cards; purely projective
TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) Incomplete sentence tests and word
association tests, where you would say the first thing that comes
to mind.
Describe a bimodal statistical curve.
HINT: bi = 2; mode = most frequently occurring score or category
Mode is the maximum point of concentration.
Bimodal distribution has two frequently occurring scores.
Bonus: A distribution with more than one mode is referred to as multi-modal
Name the three most common measures of central tendency.
Mean = average
Median = center point
Mode = highest frequency of scores or categories
Name the theory and founding theorist that uses interventions of catharsis, free association, and dream analysis
Psychoanalysis - Freud
*theory of therapy AND personality
Who created individual psychology?
Alfred Adler - 1911 founded the Society for Individual Psychology
Adler was convinced that we often compensate for perceived
inferiority complexes.
Inferiority complexes can be conscious or unconscious and are related to physical as well as psychological and social issues.
What is TAT?
Thematic Apperception Test.
Projective test - Murray & Moran.
Used to reveal an individual’s perception of interpersonal relationships
T or F
In assessing responses to projective tests gender, ethnicity, and culture can have a major impact.
True
In some instances, a state licensing bureau may prohibit counselors from administering and interpreting projective tests.
Which APA created the DSM? By the way, what does DSM stand for?
American PSCHIATRIC Association
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder
In the behavioral sciences, the researcher often uses a control group. Explain this concept.
A control group does not get the experimental manipulation. Only the experimental group does.
Identify and explain the difference between IV and DV.
IV - Independent Variable; researcher manipulates this variable; the cause.
Dependent variable; data/ what is being measured (measurable data)
A group of counseling experts are given a very easy introductory test regarding counseling information. In what way
would the results be positively or negatively skewed?
Skewed = not symmetrical
The TAIL of the distribution tells you which way it’s skewed.
In this example, the tail is going to be
facing left.
Test is too easy = negative skew Test is too hard = positive skew
scores distributed R = negative skew; scores distributed L = positive skew
Explain type I (alpha) and type II (beta) errors in statistics.
Type I (alpha) - occurs when you reject the null hypothesis when itis true
Type II - occurs when you accept the null hypothesis when it is false
Error in NULL hypothesis Reject when True; Accept when false
T or F
An experiment always has a singular hypothesis.
F
When you do an experiment, you have at least two hypotheses.
1. Null there WILL NOT be a significant difference between the group that receives the experimental treatment and the group that does not.
2. Alternative/ experimental hypothesis states that there WILL be a significant difference between the groups.
There is always - nothing and something
A stringent or low level of significance lowers the probability of a type __ error but raises the chances of a type __ error.
A level of significance that is not very stringent raises type __errors but lowers type ___.
part 1: I;II
part 2: I; II
According to most family therapists, who is the identified patient in a family? Is it the mother or is it the father?
The whole family
*for billing purposes, a family member will need to be chosen to receive a diagnosis code
How does a counselor know whether to classify a difficulty as a phobia or an anxiety reaction?
Phobia is specific to an identified stimuli
Anxiety is typically more vague
An assertiveness trainer is most likely what type of therapist?
behavior or cognitive behavioral therapist
T or F
Behaviorists believe firmly in the concept of symptom substitution.
F - this is a psychoanalytic principle
Symptom substitution postulates that if you treat the symptom, for example, nonassertive behavior, it won’t really help
because the problem is deeply seated in the unconscious mind.
Thus, if you just treat the symptom, another behavior will pop up.
What is the Jacobson method?
procedure for inducing relaxation
Progressive Muscle Relaxation Technique - Edmond Jacobson
Client alternately tense and relax groups of
muscles until the entire body is relaxed.
Very popular with therapists
who use systematic desensitization.
Define test reliability.
A test that gives consistent, dependable results is reliable.
Can the results of the test be replicated?
Provide examples of measures for test reliability.
What correlation is considered quite good in terms of reliability? What would be considered acceptable?
Pt 1: Test-retest; Split half method; Equivalent Forms
Pt 2: .90 (90/ 100 is an A grade)
P 3: .70 (70/100 is a C, an acceptable but not great grade)
T or F
A test may be reliable without being valid, but a test cannot be valid unless it is reliable.
T
A scale that is two pounds off is very reliable. It’s going to keep saying you are two pounds heavier than you are, but it’s not
valid.
What is the definition of a parsimonious theory?
A parsimonious theory has a lot of facts and few assumptions.
Simplest answer first.
This is sometimes called Lloyd Morgan’s canon (a.k.a. Morgan’s canon) or Occam’s (or Okham) razor.
List Piaget’s 4 stages of development in order.
- sensorimotor
- preoperational
- concrete operational
- formal operations
What is the most important property of a test, validity or reliability?
Validity
“Does the test really measure want you
want it to measure?”
Which of the following are types of validity?
a. face validity
b. content validity
c. construct validity
d. all of the above
D
Face validity - does it look valid?
Content validity - Does the test ally test the content we want it to test?
Construct validity - How well does the test measure an attribute that is theoretical, (such as IQ, or ego strength)?
Concurrent validity asks “Does the test measure up to (or compare favorably) with something outside the test?”
Predictive validity asks “Does the test predict what’s going to happen in the future?”
What type of validity are concurrent and predictive validity?
Criterion validity - How does the test really compare against an outside source?
How did John Krumholtz apply Albert Bandura’s social learning theory to explain successful career choices?
People tended to choose an occupation that included tasks that were like those that the person was successful performing in the past.
The theory predicts that individuals would avoid tasks that they are not good at. The person is seen as being reinforced for the correct job. It’s very behavioristic.
T or F
Career theorists Krumboltz, Mitchell, and Jones would say that actual visits to work sites are much more important in terms of choosing a career than paper and pencil or online tests.
T
The ___ theory of career development is basically that genetics will interact
with learning, which could be classical, instrumental, or vicarious learning, and this would influence career choice.
Krumboltz
(crumbs come together to create a whole)
Social learning theorist, Albert Bandura was the first to suggest ____ learning rather than strictly direct learning.
Vicarious/ observational
What should you do if you are sexually attracted to a client and it is impacting the therapeutic process?
You should explain to the client that you’re having a problem, and then refer the person out.
A ____variable is a variable that might affect the experiment, but it’s unwanted.
Confounding
The variable is not being studied. In a true experiment, we are only studying the impact of the IV, or the independent
variable
You see two research studies. One is an AB design, the other an ABAB design. Which of the two would be the best at keeping out extraneous confounding variables?
Note: A = baseline; B = implies treatment is being applied.
ABAB
b/c you are essentially doing the test twice
AB/ABAB designs are typical for behavior modification (baseline - treatment- baseline - treatment)
AB and ABAB research designs both study an individual person. This is also known as a ___ ___; also known as _ = _ studies
case study; N, 1
